Commons:Amtliche Werke
Amtliche Werke sind Werke, die von oder für eine nationale oder subnationale Regierung geschaffen wurden, oder Werke, deren Urheberrecht bei einer nationalen oder subnationalen Regierung liegt.
Die Gesetze sind von Land zu Land unterschiedlich. Einige Arten von Regierungsarbeit können frei von Urheberrechten sein, während andere geschützt sein können. Es ist üblich, dass Gesetze, Verordnungen und Gerichtsentscheidungen frei sind, aber das ist nicht immer der Fall. Broschüren, offizielle Porträts und andere kreative Werke sind in der Regel geschützt, aber auch das ist nicht immer der Fall. Für Postwertzeichen, Währungen, Flaggen usw. können besondere Vorschriften gelten. Für nationale und subnationale Regierungen sowie für verschiedene Verwaltungseinheiten können unterschiedliche Regeln gelten.
Zum Beispiel:
- In den Vereinigten Staaten ist ein Werk der US-Bundesregierung gemeinfrei. Die Werke der Regierungen der Bundesstaaten und Kommunen unterliegen jedoch häufig dem Urheberrecht (siehe COM:US#Works by the US Government).
- Im Vereinigten Königreich sind die meisten staatlichen Werke durch das Crown Copyright und das Parliamentary Copyright geschützt, einige sind jedoch unter der Ordnance Survey OpenData-Lizenz oder der Open Government Licence frei zugänglich (siehe COM:UK).
- In Frankreich sind Gesetze, Dekrete, Gerichtsentscheidungen und andere ähnliche staatliche Texte (nicht aber deren Übersetzungen oder Kommentare) gemeinfrei. Andere staatliche Werke sind im Allgemeinen urheberrechtlich geschützt (siehe COM:France).
- In Deutschland sind Werke, die eine „normative oder individualrechtliche Bestimmung“ enthalten, frei, ebenso wie amtliche Werke, die im amtlichen Interesse zu allgemeinen Informationszwecken veröffentlicht werden, aber nichtliterarische Werke wie Briefmarken oder Geldscheine können geschützt sein (siehe COM:Germany#Official works).
Auf den Seiten Commons:Copyright rules by territory/country (am Ende dieser Seite) findest du die Regeln, die für staatliche Werke in dem jeweiligen Land oder Gebiet gelten.
Sample rules
Following are sample extracts from pages that describe copyright rules by territory, illustrating different rules for government works. Many other territories have rules specific to government works.
COM:GVT Australia
Australien
Gemäß dem Copyright Act 1968 (konsolidiert ab 22. Dezember 2017):
- Das Commonwealth oder ein Staat ist Inhaber des Urheberrechts an einem literarischen, dramatischen, musikalischen oder künstlerischen Originalwerk, das vom Commonwealth bzw. dem Staat oder unter dessen Leitung oder Kontrolle geschaffen wurde.[1968-2017 Sec.176(2)]
- Das Urheberrecht an einem literarischen, dramatischen oder musikalischen Werk, dessen Eigentümer das Commonwealth oder ein Staat ist … (a) wenn das Werk unveröffentlicht ist - besteht fort, solange das Werk unveröffentlicht bleibt; und (b) wenn das Werk veröffentlicht ist - besteht fort, oder, wenn das Urheberrecht an dem Werk unmittelbar vor seiner ersten Veröffentlichung bestand, besteht fort bis zum Ablauf von 50 Jahren nach dem Ablauf des Kalenderjahres, in dem das Werk erstmals veröffentlicht wurde.[1968-2017 Sec.180(1)]
Lizenzvorlagen
- {{PD-Australia}} - für australische Fotografien, die 70 Jahre nach dem Tod des Urhebers veröffentlicht wurden, oder Fotografien, die vor 1955 aufgenommen wurden
- {{PD-Australia-currency}} - für Münzen, die vor dem 1. Mai 1969 entworfen wurden
- {{PD-AustraliaGov}} - für staatliche Werke, deren Urheberrecht abgelaufen ist.
- {{DFAT}} - für Werke des Ministeriums für auswärtige Angelegenheiten und Handel
Währung
Nicht OK für Münzen oder Banknoten, die am oder nach dem 1. Mai 1969 entworfen wurden.
OK für Münzen oder Banknoten, die vor dem 1. Mai 1969 entworfen wurden, jedoch unter den folgenden Bedingungen: Abgeleitete Werke von Abbildungen von Banknoten sind ausdrücklich verboten. Bilder von Banknoten mit geringer Auflösung sind für redaktionelle oder pädagogische Zwecke zulässig, sofern nur eine Seite einer Banknote abgebildet wird. Einzelheiten zu den genauen Größenanforderungen für Bilder findest du auf der Website.
Entwürfe aus der Zeit vor dem 1. Mai 1969 sind gemeinfrei und sollten mit der Lizenzvorlage {{PD-Australia-currency}} versehen werden.
COM:GVT Brazil
Brasilien
Under the Berne Convention, Article 2.4, It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to determine the protection to be granted to official texts of a legislative, administrative and legal nature, and to official translations of such texts. The convention was implemented by Federal Decree nº 75.699 of 1975 but the decree does not address the issue. Some freedom of access was defined in 1988 with the new Federal Constitution,
- Article 5 (XIV) – access to information is ensured to everyone and the confidentiality of the source shall be safeguarded, whenever necessary to the professional activity.
- Article 216 (Para 2) It is incumbent upon the Government, in accordance with the law, to manage the keeping of the governmental documents and to make them available for consultation to whomever may need to do so.
In 1998 the exclusion from copyright protection of these types of work was expressed by article 8, items I and IV of the Copyright law. It excludes legislative and judicial documents, but not all works (ex. cited maps, tables, etc.) created by the federal government.
See {{PD-BrazilGov}}. Note: a special clause must be added to the CC0 implicit license of legislative documents that obliges copiers to add a red notice saying "This text does not replace the original published in the Official Gazette".
COM:GVT Costa Rica
Costa Rica
According to Costa Rica's intellectual property law (Law 6683, as amended by Law 8834 of 3 May 2010):
- Everyone is allowed to freely reproduce constitutions, laws, decrees, municipal agreements, regulations and other public acts, as long as they strictly conform to the official edition. Individuals can also publish the codes and legislative collections, with notes and comments, and each author will own their own work.[6683/2010 Article 75]
- The State, municipal councils and official corporations shall enjoy the protection of this law, but with regard to economic rights, they shall have them for only 25 years from publication of the work, except in the case of public entities, whose purpose is the exercise of these rights as an ordinary activity; in which case the protection will be 50 years.[6683/2010 Article 63]
COM:GVT Iceland
Island
- Acts, regulations, administrative provisions, court rulings and similar official documents, as well as official translation of such documents, are not copyrighted.[73/1972-2018 Art.9]
- In addition, unless prohibited by court order, it is permissible to print, make an audio recording, or otherwise copy and present proceedings of public meetings of official representatives and documents publicly submitted during such meetings which concern such representatives, and "debates on questions concerning the public good which take place at gatherings to which the public has access or are broadcast".[73/1972-2018 Art.22]
COM:GVT Italy
Italien
Works created by or on behalf of either the government, the former national Fascist Party, an academy, or private legal entities of a non-profit-making character of Italy, have 20 years of duration of the rights [633/1941 art. 11, 29]
Therefore, the theory that a 70-year rule applies to works of the Italian government is unproven and has been disputed. See Commons:Deletion requests/Category:PD Italy.
According to the discussion at Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2023/10#Italy FOP again and artwork copyrights supposedly held by city councils of Italy, buildings and monuments commissioned and paid for by the Italian state (including regions, cities etc.) are also official works (government works), and the copyright in these cases is held by the state or its respective subdivision. This interpretation is backed up by legal guides and verdicts by italian courts.[4]
According to article 52, paragraph 2 of the Digital Administration Code, data and documents published by Italian public administrations without any explicit license are considered "open by default" (with exception of personal data). In this case, data and documents without explicit license can be used for free, also for commercial purpose, like CC-BY license or with attribution.
COM:GVT Kiribati
Kiribati
Under the 2018 Act, "work" does not include any work that is an official text, or a translation, of a legislative, administrative, or legal nature.[2018 Art.3] These are not protected.
Under the former Copyright Act 1956 of England,
- For literary, dramatic or musical works made by or under the direction or control of Her Majesty or a Government department, copyright (a) where the work is unpublished, subsists so long as the work remains unpublished, and (b) where the work is published, subsists for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first published.[1956 Sec.39(3)]
- Copyright in an artistic work to which Her Majesty is entitled subsists for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was made.[1956 Sec.39(4)]
COM:GVT Malta
Malta
Copyright protection extends to work which is eligible for copyright and which is made by or under the direction or control of the Government of Malta. [415/2000-2011 Art. 6(1)]
- Databases and literary, musical or artistic works are protected for 70 years from publication.[415/2000-2011 Art. 6(2)]
- Audiovisual works are protected for 70 years after the death of the last survivor of the principal director, the author of the screenplay, the author of the dialogue and the composer of music specifically created for use in the audiovisual work.[415/2000-2011 Art. 6(3)]
- When an unpublished work whose copyright has expired is published, the work is protected for 25 years from publication.[415/2000-2011 Art. 6(4)]
COM:GVT Mexico
Mexiko
Works created by the Mexican government are protected by copyright for 100 years after publication.[1996-2018 Art.29(II)] This applies to the federal, state and municipal governments. As with known authors, the term was extended repeatedly in the past.
COM:GVT Nauru
Nauru
COM:GVT New Zealand
Neuseeland
Under the New Zealand Copyright Act of 1994 as of 30 December 2018,
- Where a work is made by a person employed or engaged by the Crown ... the Crown is the first owner of any copyright in the work.[1994-2018 Sec.26(1)]
- Crown copyright shall expire ... at the end of the period of 100 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work is made.[1994-2018 Sec.26(3b)]
- Some government publications are not subject to copyright, including bills, acts, regulations, court judgments, royal commission and select committee reports, etc.[1994-2018 Sec.27]
COM:GVT Philippines
Philippinen
Works made by the government, or by government employees, are not protected by copyright:
- No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. No prior approval or conditions shall be required for the use for any purpose of statutes, rules and regulations, and speeches, lectures, sermons, addresses, and dissertations, pronounced, read or rendered in courts of justice, before administrative agencies, in deliberative assemblies and in meetings of public character.[8293/2015 Section 176.1]
The clause for prior approval is determined to be a non-copyright restriction and can be safely ignored for the purposes of Wikimedia Commons by policy. Therefore works of the Philippine Government is considered to be under the Public Domain. See discussion for {{PD-PhilippineGov}}.
The government may acquire copyright in a work, which will continue to last for the normal duration:
- Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, the Government is not precluded from receiving and holding copyrights transferred to it by assignment, bequest or otherwise; nor shall publication or republication by the government in a public document of any work in which copyright is subsisting be taken to cause any abridgment or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such work without the consent of the copyright owner.[8293/2015 Section 176.3]
For further information, refer to:
- Copyright protection over the works of the Government – October 15, 2019 BusinessWorld article, by Mary Erica D. Manuel, Associate of the Intellectual Property Department of the Angara Abello Concepcion Regala & Cruz Law Offices (ACCRALAW)
- IPOPHL Memorandum Circular No. 2020 - 024: Copyright Rules and Regulations for the Government – 2020 Implementing Rules and Regulations by the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (via Google Drive)
- Philippine News Agency content -
Unsure
The website of the Philippine News Agency contains terms of use stating that content on the website can only "be downloaded or printed for your own personal and non-commercial use only of not more than five (5) articles/photos per day." It adds that commercial use requires "written consent of NIB-PNA." The News and Information Bureau of the Philippine government repeats this copyright claim: "All contents of this site are protected by Philippines copyright laws under Republic Act No. 8293, known as the Intellectual Property (IP) Code of the Philippines, and may not be reproduced, distributed, altered, published or broadcast for commercial use without prior permission from PNA and its mother unit, the News and Information Bureau (NIB). However, the public may freely use PNA news contents with proper attribution for personal use only particularly in disseminating latest articles for public consumption in social media such as Facebook and Twitter." See also: Category:Philippine News Agency-related deletion requests.
- Provincial government websites
Official websites of some Philippine provinces bear copyright-related terms of use, such as those of Agusan del Sur and of Iloilo, notwithstanding what is dictated in the law that no copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government.
COM:GVT Singapore
Singapur
Under the Copyright Act (Chapter 63) as amended up to 2018,
- A literary, dramatic or musical work made by or under the direction or control of the Government is in the public domain if 70 years have passed since the end of the calendar year in which the work was first published by or under the direction or control of the Government.[63/2006-2018 Section 197(3)(b)]
- An artistic work made by or under the direction or control of the Government is in the public domain in the following situations:
- If it is a photograph —
- made before 10 April 1987, 70 years have passed since the end of the calendar year in which the work was made.[63/2006-2018 Section 197(4), 231]
- made on or after 10 April 1987, 70 years have passed since the end of the calendar year in which the work was first published.[63/2006-2018 Section 197(4A)]
- If it is a photograph —
- If it is an engraving, 70 years have passed since the end of the calendar year in which the work was first published.[63/2006-2018 Section 197(4A)]
- If it is an artistic work other than an engraving or a photograph, if 70 years have passed since the end of the calendar year in which the work was made.[63/2006-2018 Section 197(4)]
- A cinematograph film made by or under the direction or control of the Government is in the public domain in the following situations:[63/2006-2018 Section 197(5)]
- If it was made before 10 April 1987, it is an original dramatic work that is in the public domain, and photographs forming part of the film are also in the public domain (see the preceding paragraphs).[63/2006-2018 Section 233]
- If it was made on or after 10 April 1987, 70 years have passed since the end of the calendar year in which the work was first published.[63/2006-2018 Section 88,93]
- A sound recording made by or under the direction or control of the Government is in the public domain in the following situations:[63/2006-2018 Section 197(5)]
- If it was made before 10 April 1987, 70 years have passed since the expiration of the calendar year in which the recording was made.[63/2006-2018 Section 219(4), 232]
- If it was made on or after 10 April 1987, 70 years have passed since the end of the calendar year in which the recording was first published.[63/2006-2018 Section 92]
COM:GVT Sudan
Sudan
Under the 1996 law copyright does not extend to state emblems and symbols or official documents.[1996 Section 6] "Official documents" means the official documents issued by the State or its institution, corporation or unit and which, by virtue of their specialization, are issued for publication to the public, including laws, Presidential or administrative orders, international agreements and judicial judgments, but not including military documents, secret agreements and deliberations of secret sessions in courts or legislative bodies".[1996 Section 3]
COM:GVT Tuvalu
Tuvalu
Under the Copyright Act 1956 of England,
- For literary, dramatic or musical works made by or under the direction or control of Her Majesty or a Government department, copyright (a) where the work is unpublished, subsists so long as the work remains unpublished, and (b) where the work is published, subsists for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first published.[1956 Sec.39(3)]
- Copyright in an artistic work to which Her Majesty is entitled subsists for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was made.[1956 Sec.39(4)]
Siehe auch
Einzelnachweise
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