Commons:Stamps/Europe

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This page gives overviews of copyright rules for stamps in different countries or territories of Europe. It is "transcluded" from individual page sections giving the rules for each country or territory.

Countries of Europe

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COM:Albania

Albania

Public domain use {{PD-Albania-exempt}}

The Albanian Government regulation on postal stamps considers stamps as means of payment (General Provisions, Article 2: "Postal stamp is used to pay for postal services .."). Means of payment are exempt from copyright, see Not protected section above.
See also: Category:Stamps of Albania

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COM:Andorra

Andorra

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Andorra

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COM:Armenia

Armenia

Public domain use {{PD-AM-exempt}}.

Stamps appear to qualify as "state symbols and signs", which are not subject to copyright under the 2013 version of the copyright law [2013 Article 4.1(d)]. The Law HO-46-N of December 14, 2004 On Postal Communication, amended in 2023, states that postal stamps are "state postal payment symbols".[1]
See also: Category:Stamps of Armenia

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COM:Austria

Austria

The Austrian postal service (Österreichische Post) has limited copyright for all stamps and the displayed images. The stamps can be used for sale, manufacture and advertising. For all other imaging requests (such as printing works, books or encyclopedias) the respective postage stamp designer needs to be contacted, since it is not advertising.

For each stamp a release must be obtained individually. The contact addresses of the designers are subject to data privacy. See de:Wikipedia:Briefmarken#.C3.96sterreichische_Post. Therefore the general copyright term applies (pma + 70).
See also: Category:Stamps of Austria

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COM:Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan

Public domain use {{PD-AZ-exempt}}

An exception is File:1995 John Lennon..jpg.
See also: Category:Stamps of Azerbaijan

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COM:Belarus

Belarus

Public domain use {{PD-BY-exempt}}

According to the Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 262-Z of May 17, 2011, "state symbols and signs (flag, coat of arms, anthem, awards, banknotes and other signs)" are not copyrightable.[262-Z/2011 Art.7(2)] According to the Postage Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 258-З of December 15, 2003, "postage stamp is an official (state) sign of postage printed on paper and carrying an artwork, and inscriptions "БЕЛАРУСЬ", "BELARUS", year of issue (in Arabic letters) and a par value (in Arabic figures). The par value of postage stamp may be designated in letters."[2]
See also: Category:Stamps of Belarus

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COM:Belgium

Belgium

In Belgium an image of a stamp is copyright free when the following conditions are fulfilled:

70 years after La Poste / De Post have issued the stamp AND 70 years after the designer of the image on the stamp has died.

The works of the following artists are in public domain because the artist died before 31 December 1945.

The work of the following artists will be in public domain on 1 January following 70 years after their death

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COM:Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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COM:Bulgaria

Bulgaria

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Bulgaria

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COM:Croatia

Croatia

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Croatia

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COM:Cyprus

Cyprus

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Cyprus

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COM:Czech Republic

Czech Republic

Copyrighted Postal stamps of the Czech Republic (they are since 1993) are copyrighted 70 years after the author's death by both authors: an engraver and a graphic artist. They are not official works. Stamps are officially announced in Poštovní věstník (Postal bulletin, it is published at least since 2000) and texts in this bulletin is public domain but the stamps are copyrighted.

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COM:Denmark

Denmark

There appears to be no specific provision in the law for stamps and there are no special rules for works created by the government. So stamps are copyrighted following the normal terms of Life + 70 years after the death of the artist or Create/Publish + 70 years if they are created anonymously.
See also: Category:Stamps of Denmark

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COM:Estonia

Estonia

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Estonia

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COM:Finland

Finland

Åland has its own laws on postal matters; the discussion below does not concern stamps of Åland.

Maybe copyrighted Stamps issued before 1990

Before 1990 stamps were issued by a public body whose decisions and statements are not protected by copyright. See #Not protected (above). If an image of a stamp was included in a public body's decision or statement and the stamp is not an independent work, the image would be free of copyright as part of the document, the document can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons and the image can be cropped from this document. Use {{PD-FinlandStamp}} in these cases.

It is uncertain how the above affects the copyright of stamps depicted in other places. The precautionary principle is that we assume a stamp is copyrighted unless proven otherwise. A copyrighted stamp will lose copyright protection 70 years after the author's death or 70 years after publication if the author is anonymous. Information on the author of a stamp will often be available at Postimuseo's Postimerkkiselain, and should be included in the stamp description where available. Use {{PD-old-70}} or {{PD-anon-70}} in these cases.

Copyrighted Stamps issued from 1990

Posts and Telecommunications of Finland became a state-owned enterprise known as Posti-Tele in 1990. It is not clear whether this entity and its successors retained the status of public bodies. The precautionary principle is that we assume it did not, and any new stamps issued from 1990 onward remain copyrighted.
See also: Category:Stamps of Finland

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COM:France

France

According to La Poste, French stamps have the same legal status as any other work of art. Stamps by designers deceased more than 70 years ago are public domain.[3]

The names of the artists are generally printed at the bottom of the stamps or its main picture. Check the individual artists death dates in the frwiki category: Dessinateur de timbres/Stamp designers and also the French Phil-ouest website that lists many more than have wiki articles.[4]

On 1st January 2015, it appears that all postage stamps of France issued until 1922 are in the public domain (doubts about the 1919 stamp known as "The Two Orphans" – cause: no information found on the date of death of Surand and Jarraud).

The following list of artists whose works are in public domain in France (but not necessarily in the United States) because they died before 31 December 1953 is non-exhaustive:

Works by the following artists will be in public domain in France (but not necessarily in the United States) on 1 January following 70 years after their death:

  • Feltesse, Émile Henri (1881–1955) @2026
  • Barlangue, Gabriel Antoine (1874–1956) @2027
  • Dufresne, Charles Paul (1885–1956) @2027
  • Lemasson, Henri (1870–1956) @2027
  • Cheffer, Henry (1880–1957) @2028
  • Rigal, Louis Pierre (1888–1959) @2030
  • Munier, Pierre (1889–1962) @2033
  • Cocteau, Jean (1889–1963) @2034
  • Kieffer, Clément (1881-1964) @2035
  • Mazelin, Charles (1882–1964) @2035
  • Louis, Robert (1902–1965) @2036
  • Serres, Raoul (1881–1971) @2042
  • Cami, Robert (1900–1973) @2044
  • Lemagny, Paul Pierre (1905–1977) @2048
  • Spitz, André (1883–1977) @2048
  • Piel, Jules (1882–1978) @2049
  • Picart Le Doux, Jean (1902–1982) @2053
  • Monvoisin, Michel (1932–1982) @2053
  • Miró, Joan (1893–1983) @2054
  • Fernez Louis (1900–1984) @2055
  • Decaris, Albert (1901–1988) @2059
  • Delpech, Jean (1916–1988) @2059
  • Haley, Claude (1923–1988) @2059
  • Gandon, Pierre (1899–1990) @2061
  • Pheulpin, Jean (1907–1991) @2062
  • Cottet, René (1902–1992) @2063
  • Combet, Jacques (1920–1993) @2064
  • Lengellé, Paul (1908-1993) @2064
  • Peynet, Raymond (1908–1999) @2070
  • Hundertwasser, Friedensreich (1928–2000) @2071
  • Leguay, Marc (1910–2001) @2072
  • Durrens, Claude (1921–2002) @2073
  • Hertenberger, Claude (1912–2002) @2073
  • Bridoux, Charles (1942–2003) @2074
  • Dessirier, René (1919–2003@2074
  • Guillame, Cécile (1933–2004) @2075
  • Folon, Jean-Michel (1934–2005) @2076
  • Forget, Pierre (1923–2005) @2076
  • Lacaque, Eugène (1914–2005) @2076
  • Slania, Czeslaw (1921–2005) @2076
  • Schach-Duc, Yvonne (1933–2009) @2080
  • Sainson, Huguette (1929–2011) @2082
  • Mathieu, Georges (1921–2012) @2083
  • Béquet, Pierre (1932–2012) @2083
  • Leliepvre, Eugène (1908–2013) @2084
  • Wou-Ki, Zao (1920–2013) @2084
  • Markó, Serge (1926–2014) @2085
  • Taraskoff, Mark (1955–2015) @2086
  • Quillivic, René (1925–2016) @2087
  • Andréotto, Claude (1949–2017) @2088


See also: Category:Stamps of France

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COM:Georgia

Georgia

use {{PD-GE-exempt}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Georgia

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COM:Germany

Germany

According to a decision by a German regional court (Landgericht Berlin) in a case of the heirs of German artist Loriot against the Wikimedia Foundation, announced 27 March 2012, German postage stamps are not "official works" according to § 5 I or II UrhG and are therefore not in the public domain, as previously assumed on Commons.

Stamps of other private entities are copyrighted as well. However, the usual German copyright expiration term applies - copyright expires 70 years after 1 January after death of the creator. Some individual stamps may be copyright-free for other reasons (e.g. simple graphic design). For a further discussion, see Wikilegal/Copyright of Images in German Postage Stamps

Outdated license templates, to be deleted or changed

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See Commons:WikiProject Public Domain/German stamps review.

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COM:Greece

Greece

Copyrighted Stamps by artists deceased more than 70 years ago (or pseudonymously designed more than 70 years ago, before 1 January 1954) are free. The copyright status of all other stamps issued before 1970 is disputed (possibly {{PD-GreekGov}} as government administrative documents). Stamps issued since 1970 follow the 70 years pma rule.
See also: Category:Stamps of Greece

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COM:Hungary

Hungary

Stamps of Hungary are probably not in the public domain.

Although Hungarian copyright law denies copyright protection for "means of state direction" (Act No. LXXVI. of 1999], I.4), the recommendation by the Council of Copyright Experts rejects a similar arguments for banknotes and suggests that "means of state direction" applies to specific, "official" uses of a work.[7][8] The same logic is presumed to apply to stamps as well. Assume copyrighted until general term of protection expires.

Also refer to Commons talk:Stamps/Public domain#Hungary and Commons:Undeletion requests/Archive/2013-10#File:1888 Kodaly 500.jpg
See also: Category:Stamps of Hungary

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COM:Iceland

Iceland

No information available

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COM:Ireland

Ireland

Irish stamps issued by the Department of Posts and Telegraphs before 1984 are official works and those over 50 years old are in the public domain (published before 1 January 1974). Use {{PD-IrishGov}} to tag them. Since 1 January 1984, when An Post was established Irish stamps are copyright to the company.

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COM:Italy

Italy

Copyrighted Until specific information becomes available, apply the 70 years pma rule (or 70 years after issue for anonymous/pseudonymous stamps), so stamps by designers deceased more than 70 years are public domain. Where there are joint authors, such as an engraver and a designer, the copyright term starts following the death of the last survivor.

{{PD-Italy}} does not apply to Italian stamps. The law contains no exceptions to standard copyright law for stamps.

Stamps sometimes contain date and author. The Stamp Art blog, while not necessarily reliable, does list designers and some engravers of Italian stamps and Italian stamp designers, so may be worth reviewing.[9] The following list of artists whose works are in public domain because they died on or before 31 December 1950 is non-exhaustive:

Works by the following artists will remain protected until 70 years after their death:

The following artists have unknown death dates:

  • Liana Ferri (stamp designs 1934)[10]
  • Gustavo Petronio (active c1920s–1950s)[11]
  • Alberto Repettati (c.1896-1940s)
  • Dino Tofani (1895–?1930)
  • C. Vincenti (1930s)
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COM:Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Public domain use {{PD-KZ-exempt}}

Pursuant to Article 8 of Law No. 6-I of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Copyright and Associated Rights dated June 10, 1996, "official symbols and signs (flags, coats of arms, decorations, bills and coins and other official symbols and signs)" are not copyrighted.[419/2015 Article 8] Pursuant to Article 1 of Law No. 386-II of Kazakhstan On Post dated February 8, 2003, official signs of postage include "stamps, souvenir sheets, stamped covers, postcards, postage meter marks and other signs introduced into circulation by the authorised agency, which confirm that postal operator services have been paid."
See also: Category:Stamps of Kazakhstan

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COM:Latvia

Latvia

Copyrighted.

The Copyright Law of 2000 (as amended up to June 14, 2017) says that official symbols and signs (flags, coats of arms, anthems, and awards) are not protected, but does not include stamps in this list. It also says that official documents and official translations of such texts are not protected, but a stamp cannot be considered to be the text of an official document. Under the precautionary principle we must assume that stamps are protected in the normal way.
See also: Category:Stamps of Latvia

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COM:Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein

Public domain? According to the Law of May 19, 1999, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, "Copyright protection shall not subsist in ... means of payment".[1999-2006 Art.5]

However, Liechtenstein generally emulates Swiss law, and Liechtenstein's Copyright Act is based on the Swiss text. The majority of Swiss copyright law commentaries does not consider stamps "means of payment".[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] It is therefore likely that Liechtenstein stamps are protected by copyright as well.

In the past, {{PD-Liechtenstein}} was used for uploads of stamps from Liechtenstein, but this should not be done in the future, unless it's possible to produce evidence for the public domain claim.
See also: Category:Stamps of Liechtenstein

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COM:Lithuania

Lithuania

Public domain use {{PD-LT-exempt}}.
See also: Category:Stamps of Lithuania

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COM:Luxembourg

Luxembourg

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Luxembourg

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COM:Malta

Malta

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Malta

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COM:Moldova

Moldova

Public domain use {{PD-MD-exempt}}.

According to the law on Copyright of the Republic of Moldova no. 293-XIII of 23 November 1994 (Amended by Law no. 1268-XV, of 25 July 2002) Article 7. refers to "State emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs, etc.)" as Works Not Protected by Copyright. The Moldovan Postal Law No. 36 from 29 April 2016 defines postal stamp as "printed valuable sign issued and put into circulation exclusively by the state as an attribute of its sovereignty".[20]
See also: Category:Stamps of Moldova

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Monaco

No information available

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COM:Montenegro

Montenegro

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Montenegro

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COM:Netherlands

Netherlands

See nl:Wikipedia:Beleid voor gebruik van media/Postzegels (In Dutch).

Prior to 1 January 1989, the government-owned corporation PTT considered Dutch stamps as being created by the PTT company and as such was considered their author. In The Netherlands copyright expires 70 years after the death of the author. With stamps issued prior to 1989, copyright expires 70 years after publication.

From 1 January 1989 onwards, the PTT became the private company TNT Post. The rules are sometimes different compared to the period before 01-01-1989; for example, when there is more than one author of a stamp.

Public domain As of 2024 Dutch stamps created in the period 1852–1953 are considered to be Public Domain.

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COM:Северна Македонија

North Macedonia

No information available

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COM:Norway

Norway

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Norway

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COM:Poland

Poland

Unclear According to Article 4, case 2 of the Polish Copyright Law Act of February 4, 1994 "normative acts and drafts thereof as well as official documents, materials, signs and symbols are not subject to copyrights".

Such materials should use {{PD-Polishsymbol}}. Unfortunately it is unclear if Polish stamps and banknotes are considered official materials, signs or symbols by Polish law. In 2009 about 900 files with Polish stamps were deleted (see Commons talk:Stamps/Archive 1#Polish stamps are copyrighted for the discussion).
See also: Category:Stamps of Poland

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COM:Portugal

Portugal

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Portugal

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COM:Romania

Romania

Public domain use {{PD-RO-exempt}}.

According to the Romanian Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights Law no. 8/1996 of 14 March 1996 with further amendments Chapter 3 Article 9 "means of payment" shall not benefit from the legal protection accorded to copyright; therefore images of stamps are deemed to be in the public domain. Further, the Romanian law on postal services from 6 March 2013 defines postal stamp as "paper of value issued and put into circulation exclusively under the authority of the state, as an attribute of its sovereignty",[21] implying that Romania postal stamps are "official symbols of the State, public authorities and organizations", which are not protected by the Romanian copyright.
See also: Category:Stamps of Romania

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COM:Russia

Russia

Public domain use {{PD-RU-exempt|stamps}}

Pursuant to Article 1259.6 of Part IV of the Civil Code (No. 230-FZ) of the Russian Federation dated 8 December 2006, official symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, banknotes, and the like), as well as symbols and signs of municipal formations are not copyrighted. Pursuant to Article 2 of Federal Law No. 176-FZ of the Russian Federation On Postal Service dated July 17, 1999, official signs of postage include "postage stamps and other signs put on mail that give evidence that postage has been paid".

Article 1.1 of Official Postage Signs and Special Postmarks Regulations, put into force on 26 May 1994 by Order 115 of the Ministry of Communication of the Russian Federation, defines the official postage signs concretely and labels postage stamps, souvenir and miniature sheets, stamped envelopes, and postal stationery cards as the postage signs. Even works still under copyright can be used by the Russian post, without altering the copyright status of the work used.[22]

A copyrighted painting can be used on an envelope or such and {{PD-RU-exempt}} will apply, without turning the painting into a Public Domain work. Prerequisite is that the Russian post acquired permission from the copyright-holder. We can safely assume that the Russian post has come to an agreement with the copyright-holder of such work.

Tuva stamps

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Public domain use {{PD-RU-exempt}}.

From 1921 to 1944, Tuva constituted a sovereign, independent nation under the name of Tannu Tuva, officially, the Tuvan People's Republic, or the People's Republic of Tannu Tuva. The independence of Tannu Tuva, however, was recognized only by its neighbors: the Soviet Union and Mongolia.[23] Since 1944 Tuva has been part of the Russian Federation.
See also: Category:Stamps of Russia

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COM:San Marino

San Marino

No information available

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COM:Serbia

Serbia

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Serbia

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COM:Slovakia

Slovakia

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Slovakia

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COM:Slovenia

Slovenia

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Slovenia

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COM:Spain

Spain

.

Communication with Spain's Philatelic Bureau suggests no public domain. Permission to scan images of Spanish stamps requires a specific request to the Sociedad Estatal de Correos y Telégrafos.

According to Spanish copyright law, while most official works are not protected by copyright, standalone images are specifically exempted, and the author retains copyright. So it is safe to assume that Spanish stamps are copyright their designers, in which case they are protected for 70 years after the author's death, or 80 years if the author died before 1988. If the designer is unknown, the stamp falls into the public domain 70 years after it was issued, or 80 years if issued before 1987.
See also: Category:Stamps of Spain

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COM:Sweden

Sweden

Swedish stamps do not seem to have a copyright exception in Sweden, so stamps are in PD 70 years after the death of the engraver.

See also: Category talk:Stamps of Sweden
See also: Category:Stamps of Sweden

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COM:Switzerland

Switzerland

According to Article 5 of the Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights, "copyright does not protect [...] means of payment". However, the prevailing view among legal commentators is that stamps are not considered means of payment and do not fall under any other exemption clause. They therefore enjoy copyright protection.[24]
See also: Category:Stamps of Switzerland

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COM:Türkiye

Turkey

Under Law No. 5846 of December 5, 1951 (as amended up to decision no 2020/29 of Constitutional Court of Turkey on July 17, 2020),

  • The rights in works created by civil servants, employees and workers during the execution of their duties shall be exercised by the persons who employ or appoint them; provided that the contrary may not be deduced from a special contract between such persons or from the nature of the work.[5846/1951 Article 18]
  • If the first author is a legal person, the term of protection shall be 70 years from the date on which the work was made public.[5846/1951 Article 27]

The copyright for stamps therefore belongs to the Turkish government and lasts 70 years from publication. Thus, any stamp issued 70 or more years ago (published before 1 January 1954) is public domain.

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COM:Ukraine

Ukraine

Public domain use {{PD-UA-exempt}}.

According to the Article 10 of the Law of Ukraine on Copyright and Related rights, all Ukrainian stamps are in the public domain. They are defined as "state signs" in the Law of Ukraine On Postal Service (4 October 2001) :

  • Postage stamp means a state sign manufactured according to the procedure set forth by legislation, with specified face value and state, serving as the tool of payment for postal services provided by the national operator.[25]
    See also: Category:Stamps of Ukraine
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COM:United Kingdom

United Kingdom

. British stamp designs published before 1st October 1969 were "Crown Copyright", which expired after 50 years and put the stamps in the public domain. (See Crown copyright.) This also applies to the stamps of the various territories of the British Empire prior to their independence.

In 1969, the Post Office was established as a non-Crown body. Since then, the copyright of new British stamps has been held by the Post Office or Royal Mail in its own right, so in general no stamp may be uploaded.
See also: Category:Stamps of United Kingdom

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Vatican City

No information available

Specific status

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COM:Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Further information: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Cyprus#Stamps

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COM:Faroe Islands

Faroe Islands

Public domain use {{PD-Faroe stamps}}

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COM:Gibraltar

Gibraltar

Further information: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom#Stamps
See also: Category:Stamps of Gibraltar

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Guernsey

No information available

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Isle of Man

No information available

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Jersey

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Jersey

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COM:Svalbard

Template:Svalbard

Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Svalbard

Limited recognition

[edit]
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COM:Abkhazia

Abkhazia

Public domain use {{PD-AB-exempt}}

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Kosovo

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Kosovo

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COM:South Ossetia

South Ossetia

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of South Ossetia

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Transnistria

No information available
See also: Category:Stamps of Transnistria

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Northern Cyprus

No information available

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United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus

No information available

partly located in Europe

[edit]
Stamps
Africa‌Americas‌Asia‌Europe‌Oceania‌Others
Some citation text may not have been transcluded
  1. ↑ THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA ON AMENDMENTS AND ADDITIONS TO THE LAW "ON POSTAL COMMUNICATION". parliament.am
  2. ↑ 15 декабря 2003 г. № 258-З О почтовой связи – Postage Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 258-З of December 15, 2003 (in Russian). Retrieved on 2019-02-05.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LaPosteRepro
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Phil-Ouest
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CatawikiCortot
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hourriez
  7. ↑ A Szerzői Jogi Szakértő Testület szakvéleményei. Bankjegy-, illetve pénzérme-kép szerzői jogi védelme, felhasználása; a szerzői jogok jogosultja. Ügyszám: SZJSZT (September 2001).]
  8. ↑ Council of Copyright Experts. Hungarian Intellectual Property Office. Retrieved on 2019-03-26.
  9. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named StampArt
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ferri
  11. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Petronio
  12. ↑ Cherpillod in Müller/Oertli, Urheberrechtsgesetz, 2nd ed. 2012, Art. 5 para. 3
  13. ↑ Barrelet/Egloff, Das neue Urheberrecht, 3rd ed. 2008, Art. 5 para. 5
  14. ↑ von Büren/Meer in von Büren/David, SIWR II/1, 3rd ed. 2014, para. 379
  15. ↑ Hilty, Urheberrecht, 2011, para. 130
  16. ↑ Dessemontet, Le droit d'auteur, 1999, para. 413
  17. ↑ Gilliéron in Werra/Gilliéron, Propriété intellectuelle, 2013, Art. 5 LDA para. 9
  18. ↑ von Büren, Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte, ZSR 1993, 193-222, 200
  19. ↑ disagreeing: Rehbinder/Viganò, URG, 3rd ed. 2008, Art. 5 para. 3 [included by analogy]
  20. ↑ ЗАКОН № 36 от 17-03-2016. Justice Ministry of Moldova
  21. ↑ [1]
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named RF115
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tuva1992
  24. ↑ W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), Das neue Urheberrecht (4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 5 para 5 («da sie keine Zahlungsmittel sind und auch sonst unter keine Ausnahmebestimmung fallen»); R von Büren and MA Meer in R von Büren and L David (eds), Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (3rd edn, Helbing & Lichtenhahn 2014) para 379 («es handelt sich bei ihnen nämlich nicht um offizielle Zahlungsmittel, da sie keinen gesetzlichen Kurs haben und nicht in Zahlung genommen werden müssen»); I Cherpillod in BK Müller and R Oertli (eds), Urheberrechtsgesetz (URG) (2nd edn, Stämpfli 2012) art 5 para 3; RM Hilty, Urheberrecht (2nd edn, Stämpfli 2020) para 254 («zumal der im Vorentwurf von 1987 enthaltene Schutzausschluss im Rahmen des bundesrätlichen Entwurfs wieder gestrichen worden war»); P Gilliéron in J de Werra and P Gilliéron (eds), Propriété intellectuelle (Helbing & Lichtenhahn 2013) art 5 LDA para 9; M Rehbinder, L Haas, and K-P Uhlig (eds), URG (4th edn, Orell Füssli 2022) art 5 para 7 (departing from the view expressed in the previous edition).
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ZakonPost
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