Commons:Regras de direitos autorais por território

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Leis sobre direitos autorais diferem de país para país. As imagens enviadas para o Commons, a menos que tenham sido enviadas dos Estados Unidos, envolvem a interação de duas ou mais jurisdições de direitos autorais. As leis de cada país diferem especialmente nos seguintes pontos:

  • The time for which a copyright applies. In most countries, copyright on works published during the author's lifetime expires 50 or 70 years after the death of the author.
  • Status of works of the government. In many (but not all) countries, documents published by the government for official use are in the public domain.
  • Material applicable for copyright. In some jurisdictions, pictures of artistic work like architecture, sculptures, clothing etc. cannot be used freely without the consent of the creator of the original artwork.

Almost all countries in the world are party to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.[1] Following this convention, countries enforce copyrights from other countries, according to certain rules.

Detalhes completos de cada país ou território podem ser acessados diretamente da caixa de informações à direita.

Lei internacional

Convenção de Berna

Quase todos os países do mundo são signatários da Convenção de Berna Relativa à Protecção das Obras Literárias e Artísticas. Uma consequência das regras da Convenção de Berna é que devemos ter sempre em consideração a legislação do país de origem da obra.

De particular importância é o Artigo 7, que estabelece a duração da proteção concedida pela Convenção. Esta é no mínimo de cinquenta anos após a morte dos autores (sujeita a algumas exceções). Porém, cada país é livre de aumentar este prazo.

Em todos os casos, a duração será regulada pela lei do país em que a proteção for reivindicada; Entretanto, a menos que a legislação desse país não disponha de outro modo, ela não excederá a duração fixada no país de origem da obra.

Embora muitos países tenham aceitado a regra da duração mais curta com base no Artigo 7 da Convenção, note que os EUA não honraram esta regra. Por exemplo, a legislação 17 U.S.C. 104A(a)(1)(B) permite restaurar os direitos de autor sobre uma obra publicada fora dos Estados Unidos durante a duração restante dos direitos de autor nos Estados Unidos, mesmo que os direitos de autor expirem mais cedo no país de origem da obra. Isso pode afetar obras que ainda estavam protegidas por direitos autorais nos seus países de origem em 1 de Janeiro de 1996. Isso significa que uma obra que se encontra agora no domínio público no país de origem de um utilizador da Commons, pode ainda estar protegida por direitos autorais nos Estados Unidos. Para mais detalhes, veja Non-US copyrights guideline na Wikipédia inglesa para ver uma lista das datas de restauração de direitos autorais nos EUA.

Lei de direitos autorais europeia

The União Europeia has issued directives harmonizing copyright rules in the European Union (see Copyright law of the European Union). Note, however, that directives, unlike European regulations, do not apply uniformly. They have to be transposed into national law by each country's legislature, and they often offer significant leeway in doing so. This is, for instance, the case for the legal exemptions of copyright (equivalent of "fair use"), which are allowed to differ within certain limits.

The important Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market has been adopted and came into force on 7 June 2019. It is intended to ensure "a well-functioning marketplace for copyright".[2] It extends existing European Union copyright law and is a component of the EU's Digital Single Market project.[3]

The most important, for our purposes, is the Directive on harmonizing the term of copyright protection. This directive sets the duration of copyright to 70 years following the death of the author (for multiple authors, of the last author; for collective, pseudonymous or anonymous works, following the date of publication).

Porém, esta diretiva não encurta os prazos mais longos já em vigor nos países que os aplicam.

The 2001 EUCD, Article 5, specifies exceptions to copyright.[4] However, only one of these exceptions is mandatory (it concerns caching). The others are optional, meaning that for each exception, each country is free to choose whether it adopts it and how it restricts it. Thus, one should not assume that an exception true in one EU country applies in another. Notably, each country is free to choose how to copyright objects permanently located in public places and "simple" photographs.

Finally, there is a considerable amount of case law or jurisprudence on these issues. In some cases, they may create rights or restrictions that do not appear in the text of the law. Thus, one should always be wary in how the law is interpreted in the country of interest, as opposed to merely reading the legal texts.

Leis específicas de cada país

A legislação de direitos de autor difere de país para país. As imagens enviadas na Commons, a menos que enviadas dos EUA, envolve a interacção de duas ou mais jurisdições de direitos autorais. Em geral, a Commons segue a norma de só permitir imagens que possam ser usadas em todos os países (ou, pelo menos, na maioria deles). A legislação de países individuais difere particularmente nos seguintes pontos:

  • The time for which a copyright applies. In most countries, copyright expires no later than 70 years after the death of the author (p.m.a.), sometimes extended by war periods when copyright protection could not be enforced.
  • Status of works of the government. In many (but not all) countries, documents published by the government for official use are in the public domain.
  • Material applicable for copyright. In some jurisdictions, pictures of artistic work like architecture, sculptures, clothing etc. can not be used freely without the consent of the creator of the original artwork.

A maneira mais segura de aplicar as legislações de direitos autorais internacionais, é considerar as legislações de todas as jurisdições relevantes e depois, para determinar se algo está sujeito ou não a direitos autorais, usar a combinação mais restritiva das leis. As jurisdições que podem precisar ser consideraradas são:

  • O local onde a obra foi criada;
  • O local de onde a obra está sendo enviada;
  • O local onde está fisicamente localizado qualquer servidor de Internet de onde tenha sido feito o download da obra;
  • Os Estados Unidos.

Uma obra só é permitida na Commons se estiver no domínio público em todas as jurisdições relevantes, ou se existe uma licença livre que se aplique à obra em todas as jurisdições relevantes.

In the case of a painting published in France please do apply US-American copyright laws as those copyright laws apply to the servers of Commons. Also apply the copyright laws of the country you are in and the copyright laws of any web server you got the work off. In the case of a French painting uploaded to Commons from a French web server by someone living in the UK three copyright jurisdictions would apply: France, UK and US. US law would mean that if the painting had not been published before 1929 it would be in copyright. British law would mean that if the painting was by an artist who had been dead for less than 70 years it would be in copyright. French law would mean that, if the painting was by an artist who died while in service for France (a concept called Mort pour la France), it would be in copyright for 100 years after the artist's death: an additional 30 years past the term provided by British law. In this case the most restrictive combination of jurisdictions would be French and US. Only if the painting was legally in the public domain in both France and the United States could it be uploaded from a French web server to Commons.

Autoria

  • Rules are generally different for works with known authors and works published anonymously or pseudonymously. Works published anonymously or pseudonymously may gain the standard known-author copyright term if authorship is subsequently made public.
  • Rules may also be different for works of collective, corporate or government authorship.
  • Note that copyright rules based on the death of the author normally assume the work to have been published, and often require the work to have been published during the author's lifetime. Unpublished works, or works published posthumously, may have different rules.

Veja também Commons:Trabalhos anônimos

Trabalhos derivados

Main page: Commons:Trabalhos derivados.

Many creative works are derivatives of other creative works. This may be a copyright infringement if the work used is not in the public domain. Exceptions exist for allowing derivatives to be made without infringing copyright; whether and how these apply varies widely across countries, by subject matter, and may depend on a range of circumstances.

VTE Copyright rules by territory
UN geographical subregions
UN geographical subregions
África
América
Ásia
Europa
Oceania
Outros

Consolidated lists

The table to the right gives links to consolidated lists of copyright rules for countries within the subregions defined in the United Nations geoscheme.

For consolidated lists of copyright rules for all countries in alphabetic sequence, see

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R Sa-Sl So-Sy T U V W X Y Z

Ver também

Referências