Translations:Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Consolidated list Eastern Asia/2/ko

Text transcluded from
COM:South Korea

대한민국

저작권 법규: 대한민국 단축: COM:ROK
보호기간
일반저작물	생애 + 사후 70년
익명의 저작물	발행 후 70년
영상저작물	발행 후 70년
기타
파노라마의 자유	없음
보호기간이 연말에 만료	예
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-South Korea}} {{PD-Korea-1910-1945}} {{PD-Korea-1910-1945-film}} {{PD-Korea-1910-1945-photo}} {{PD-old-auto}} {{KOAL}} {{KOGL}}
국제 협약
베른 협약	1996년 8월 21일
세계 저작권 협약	1987년 10월 1일
세계 무역 기구	1995년 1월 1일
URAA 회복일‌ [1]	1996년 1월 1일
WIPO 조약	2004년 6월 24일
[1]‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.

이 문서는 위키미디어 공용에 작품을 업로드하는 것과 관련된 대한민국의 저작권 법규에 대한 개요를 제공합니다. 대한민국에서 시작된 모든 작업은 대한민국과 미국 양쪽에서 퍼블릭 도메인에 있거나 자유 라이선스로 이용할 수 있어야 위키미디어 공용에 업로드할 수 있다는 점에 유의하세요. 대한민국 저작물의 저작권 상태에 의문이 있을 경우 관련 법률을 참조하여 설명을 구하세요.

배경

대한제국은 1910년 일본제국에 합병되었습니다. 1945년 제2차 세계대전이 끝난 이후 한반도는 소련이 들어선 북쪽과 미국이 들어선 남쪽의 두 지역으로 나뉘었습니다. 1948년 대한민국과 조선민주주의인민공화국의 분단된 정부가 수립되었습니다.

대한민국은 1987년 10월 1일에 세계 저작권 협약에, 1995년 1월 1일에 세계 무역 기구에, 1996년 8월 21일에 베른 협약에, 2004년 6월 24일에 WIPO 저작권 조약에 가입했습니다.

유엔 산하의 세계지적재산권기구(WIPO)는 2021년 현재 대한민국 입법부가 제정한 주요 저작권법(1957년 1월 28일 법률 제432호, 2020년 12월 8일 법률 제17588호까지 개정)을 등재하고 있습니다. WIPO는 이 법률의 내용을 WIPO Lex 데이터베이스에 보관하고 있습니다.

보호받는 저작물의 종류

보호받는 저작물의 예시는 다음과 같습니다:^{[3916/1987–2020 제4조]}

• 소설·시·논문·강연·연설·각본 그 밖의 어문저작물
• 음악저작물
• 연극 및 무용·무언극 그 밖의 연극저작물
• 회화·서예·조각·판화·공예·응용미술저작물 그 밖의 미술저작물
• 건축물·건축을 위한 모형 및 설계도서 그 밖의 건축저작물
• 사진저작물(이와 유사한 방법으로 제작된 것을 포함)
• 영상저작물
• 지도·도표·설계도·약도·모형 그 밖의 도형저작물
• 컴퓨터프로그램저작물

보호받지 않는 저작물

대한민국 저작권법(법률 제432호: 1957년 1월 28일 제정, 법률 제17588호: 2020년 12월 8일 일부개정)에 따라 다음 중 하나에 해당하는 저작물은 저작권의 보호를 받지 않습니다.^{[3916/1987–2020 제7조]}

• 헌법ㆍ법률ㆍ조약ㆍ명령ㆍ조례 및 법규
• 국가 또는 지방자치단체의 고시ㆍ공고ㆍ훈령 그 밖에 이와 유사한 것
• 법원의 판결ㆍ결정ㆍ명령 및 심판이나 행정심판절차 그 밖에 이와 유사한 절차에 의한 의결ㆍ결정 등
• 국가 또는 지방자치단체가 작성한 것으로서 제1호 내지 제3호에 규정된 것의 편집물 또는 번역물
• 사실의 전달에 불과한 시사보도

일반 법규

대한민국 저작권법(법률 제432호: 1957년 1월 28일 제정, 법률 제14634호: 2017년 3월 21일 일부개정)에 따르면,

• 저작재산권은 이 관에 특별한 규정이 있는 경우를 제외하고는 저작자가 생존하는 동안과 사망한 후 70년간 존속한다.^{[432/1957–2017 제39조]}
• 공동저작물의 저작재산권은 맨 마지막으로 사망한 저작자가 사망한 후 70년간 존속한다.^{[432/1957–2017 제39조]}
• 무명 또는 널리 알려지지 아니한 이명이 표시된 저작물의 저작재산권은 발행된 때부터 70년간 존속하며, 이 경우 보호는 제39조와 같이 지속된다.^{[432/1957–2017 제40조]}
• 업무상저작물의 저작재산권은 발행한 때부터 70년간 존속한다. 다만, 창작한 때부터 50년 이내에 발행되지 아니한 경우에는 창작한 때부터 70년간 존속한다.^{[432/1957–2017 제41조]}
• 영상저작물의 저작재산권은 발행한 때부터 70년간 존속한다. 다만, 창작한 때부터 50년 이내에 발행되지 아니한 경우에는 창작한 때부터 70년간 존속한다. ^{[432/1957–2017 제42조]}
• 이 관에 규정된 저작재산권의 보호기간을 계산하는 경우에는 저작자가 사망하거나 저작물을 창작 또는 발행한 다음 해부터 기산한다.^{[432/1957–2017 제44조]}
• 저작인접권은 해당되는 경우 공연, 녹음 또는 방송으로부터 70년간 존속한다.음악 녹음의 경우 기본 음악 저작물도 저작권이 없어야 한다.^{[432/1957–2017 제86조]}

1963년 이전 사망자 또는 단체의 저작물

저작권 보호기간은 1957년 이전에는 30년이었고, 2013년 7월 이전에는 50년이었습니다. 이는 1963년 1월 1일 전에 사망한 저작자의 저작물과, 1963년 1월 1일 전에 단체의 이름으로 발행된 저작물에 적용됩니다.

또한, 다른 방식으로 저작권이 있는 예술 작품을 복제하는 사진과 연구 또는 예술 작품에 삽입되고 해당 작품에 포함할 목적으로만 제작된 사진을 제외하고, 1976년 12월 31일 또는 그 이전에 원화로 발행되거나 제작된 사진과 유사한 형태의 사진 또는 기타 저작물은 대한민국에서 저작권 기간이 만료되어 이제 대한민국에서 퍼블릭 도메인에 있습니다.

예외적인 경우가 있습니다. 재산권은 상속인이 없는 저작권자가 사망하거나 법인 또는 단체의 경우 해산 시 민법 및 기타 법률의 규정에 따라 국가에 귀속됩니다. 저작물은 미국의 퍼블릭 도메인에도 해당되어야 합니다.

미국에서의 지위

미국에서 저작물이 저작권이 없는 지 판단하기 위해서는 1996년에 저작물이 저작권이 있었는지 여부를 파악해야 합니다. 1986년에 저작권 보호기간이 30년에서 50년으로 연장되기 전에 저작물의 저작권이 만료되었다면, 저작권이 회복되지 않습니다. 이 법은 1987년부터 시행되었으므로 1957년 이전에 사망한 모든 작가의 저작물은 대한민국과 미국 양쪽에서 모두 저작권이 없습니다.

저작권 틀

• {{PD-South Korea}} – 저자가 70년 또는 그 보다 이전에 사망했거나 70년 또는 그 보다 이전에 단체의 명의로 출판된 저작물인 경우
• {{PD-KoreaGov}} – 저작권법에 따라 보호받지 않는 정부저작물인 경우
• {{PD-Korea-1910-1945}} – 일제강점기 당시 만들어진 저작물인 경우
• {{PD-Korea-1910-1945-photo}} – 일제강점기 당시 촬영된 사진인 경우
• {{PD-Korea-1910-1945-film}} – 일제강점기 당시 만들어진 영화인 경우

수표

 괜찮지 않음. 대한민국 수표의 저작권은 전국은행연합회에 있습니다. 전국은행연합회는 이용약관을 제공하고 있지 않습니다.

같이 보기: Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2021/04#Is it OK to upload South Korean cheques?

화폐

괜찮습니다. 한국은행은 1950년 이후 설립된 모든 대한민국의 화폐 저작권을 보유중입니다. 한국은행은 "한국은행의 지폐와 동전 도안 이용 지침"에 설명된 대로 누구나 화폐 도안을 제한 하에 허락 없이 이용할 수 있게 했습니다.

전자적 삽화의 경우 원본 크기의 해상도는 72dpi를 초과해서는 안되며, 초상화를 제외한 삽화의 모든 부분의 앞면 또는 뒷면에 "SPECIMEN" 또는 "보기"라는 단어가 명확하게 구별되고 삽화와 분리되지 않게 표기되어야 합니다. "SPECIMEN" 또는 "보기"라는 단어는 지폐 앞면 중앙 상단의 "한국은행" 글자보다 커야 하며, 본색과 명확하게 대조되는 불투명한 색상이어야 합니다. 이는 부분 삽화에도 해당합니다.

{{South Korean currency}}를 3항 다(전자적 삽화)에 해당하는 기준을 충족하는 대한민국의 화폐 이미지에 사용하세요.

사소한 이용

이 사진은 롯데월드타워가 주된 대상이 아니라 부수적으로 포함되어 있으므로 저작권 침해가 아닙니다.

대한민국 저작권법(법률 제432호: 1957년 1월 28일 제정, 법률 제16600호: 2019년 11월 26일 일부개정) 제35조의3에 따르면,

제35조의3(부수적 복제 등)

사진촬영, 녹음 또는 녹화(이하 이 조에서 "촬영등"이라 한다)를 하는 과정에서 보이거나 들리는 저작물이 촬영등의 주된 대상에 부수적으로 포함되는 경우에는 이를 복제ㆍ배포ㆍ공연ㆍ전시 또는 공중송신할 수 있다. 다만, 그 이용된 저작물의 종류 및 용도, 이용의 목적 및 성격 등에 비추어 저작재산권자의 이익을 부당하게 해치는 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다.

파노라마의 자유

 괜찮지 않음, 미술 저작물, 건축물, 사진은 비상업적 용도로만 가능합니다. {{NoFoP-South Korea}}

안내: 대한민국의 파노라마의 자유 없음에 따른 삭제 요청에 다음 태그를 사용하세요.<noinclude>[[Category:South Korean FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>
대한민국 저작권법(법률 제432호: 1957년 1월 28일 제정, 법률 제14634호: 2017년 3월 21일 일부개정) 제35조에 따르면,

(1) 미술저작물등의 원본의 소유자나 그의 동의를 얻은 자는 그 저작물을 원본에 의하여 전시할 수 있다. 다만, 가로·공원·건축물의 외벽 그 밖에 공중에게 개방된 장소에 항시 전시하는 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다.

(2) 제1항 단서의 규정에 따른 개방된 장소에 항시 전시되어 있는 미술저작물등은 어떠한 방법으로든지 이를 복제하여 이용할 수 있다. 다만, 다음 각 호의 어느 하나에 해당하는 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다.

1. 건축물을 건축물로 복제하는 경우
2. 조각 또는 회화를 조각 또는 회화로 복제하는 경우
3. 제1항 단서의 규정에 따른 개방된 장소 등에 항시 전시하기 위하여 복제하는 경우
4. 판매의 목적으로 복제하는 경우

(3) 제1항의 규정에 따라 전시를 하는 자 또는 미술저작물등의 원본을 판매하고자 하는 자는 그 저작물의 해설이나 소개를 목적으로 하는 목록 형태의 책자에 이를 복제하여 배포할 수 있다.

(4) 위탁에 의한 초상화 또는 이와 유사한 사진저작물의 경우에는 위탁자의 동의가 없는 때에는 이를 이용할 수 없다.

이 허가는 "공개된 장소"에 영구적으로 설치된 저작물의 복제를 허용하나, 제35조 제2항 제4호는 "판매의 목적으로 복제하는 경우"에는 해당하지 않는다고 말합니다. 제2조 제22항에서 "복제"는 인쇄ㆍ사진촬영ㆍ복사ㆍ녹음ㆍ녹화 그 밖의 방법으로 일시적 또는 영구적으로 유형물에 고정하거나 다시 제작하는 것을 의미합니다. 공공장소의 위치한 미술 저작물의 복제물을 판매하는 것은 허용되지 않습니다. 예를 들어, 미술 저작물이 주요 부분을 차지하는 엽서, 달력, 사진 수집품 판매는 허용되지 않습니다.

예외

교량, 댐, 터널 같은 비건축 구조물은 괜찮습니다.

비건축 구조물은 대한민국 저작권법 제4조에 명시되어 있지 않으므로, 대한민국에서 저작권이 없습니다. 대한민국의 비건축 구조물 사진에 {{PD-structure|KOR}}이나 {{PD-SK-nonbuilding-structure}}를 사용하세요.

같이 보기: Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Yi Sun-sin Bridge

우표

대한민국 저작권법 제39조 내지 제44조에 따르면, 단체의 명의로 발행된 저작물은 발행된 날로부터 70년이 경과한 후 퍼블릭 도메인이 됩니다. 1963년 1월 1일 이전에 발행된 우표의 사진에 {{PD-South Korea}}를 사용하세요.

창작성의 기준

대한민국 저작권법(법률 제432호: 1957년 1월 28일 제정, 법률 제14634호: 2017년 3월 21일 일부개정)에 따르면,

• "저작물"은 인간의 사상 또는 감정을 표현한 창작물을 말한다. ^{[432/1957–2017 제2조]}

대한민국 대법원은 다음과 같은 경우에 저작권의 보호를 받는다고 설명했습니다.:

• 단순한 모방이 아닙니다.
• 작자의 독자적인 사상 또는 감정의 표현이 있습니다.
• 기존의 존재하는 것과 구별될 수 있습니다.

서울고등법원은 에비수 재팬의 갈매기 모양과 에비수 형상이 창의성을 인정받을 수 없으므로 저작권이 없다고 판결했습니다.

그러나 대한민국 대법원은 폭스 레이싱의 로고가 저작권이 있다고 판결했습니다.

서명

일반적인 서명은 괜찮습니다: 대한민국 대법원은 서체가 저작권의 보호를 받지 않는다고 판결했습니다.

서예 서명은  괜찮지 않음: 대한민국 저작권법 제 4조에 따라, 서예는 저작권의 보호를 받습니다. (같이 보기: Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Korea/ko § 보호받는 저작물의 종류)

같이 보기

• 대한민국
• 분류:대한민국의 라이선스 틀
• 분류:대한민국 파노라마의 자유 사례
• 분류:대한민국의 우표
• 사용자:Piotrus/대한민국저작권

인용

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer

Text transcluded from
COM:Macau

마카오

Other region, e.g. dependency, union, former country

저작권 법규: Macau 단축: COM:MACAU
보호기간
일반저작물	Life + 50 years
익명의 저작물	Publish + 50 years
영상저작물	Publish + 50 years
집합저작물	Publish + 50 years
응용미술저작물	Create + 25 years
기타
파노라마의 자유	Yes
보호기간이 연말에 만료	Yes
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-MacaoGov}} {{PD-MO}}
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3	MAC
국제 협약
베른 협약	1999년 8월 12일
세계 무역 기구	1994년 12월 31일
URAA 회복일‌ [1]	1996년 1월 1일
[1]‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.

This page provides an overview of copyright rules of China's special administrative region of Macau relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in Macau must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both Macau and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from Macau, refer to the relevant laws for clarification.

Background

In 1887 Portugal gained rights to Macau, which was returned to China as a special administrative region in 1999. Macau remains under a separate political and economic system from the rest of China until 2049.

Macau has belonged to the World Trade Organization since 31 December 1994. The Berne Convention came into effect on 12 August 1999.

As of 2018 the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, listed Decree-Law No. 43/99/M of August 16, 1999, on the Regime of Copyright and Related Rights (as amended by Law No. 5/2012 of April 10, 2012) as the main IP law enacted by the legislature of Macau. WIPO holds the text of this law in their WIPO Lex database.

General

According to Decree-Law No. 43/99/M of August 16, 1999, on the Regime of Copyright and Related Rights (as amended by Law No. 5/2012 of April 10, 2012),

• Generally, copyright shall lapse 50 years after the death of the creator of the work, even in the case of works disclosed or published posthumously.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 21]}
• The time-limits for the expiry of copyright will only start to run from the first day of the year following that in which the determining event occurs.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 21]}
• Copyright in a collaborative work expires 50 years after the date of the death of the co-author who died last.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 22.1]}
• Copyright in a collective work or work made for a legal entity shall lapse, unless otherwise provided, 50 years after the first disclosure or publication.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 22.3]}
• The duration of copyright for individual contributions to collaborative and collective works, where the personal contributions can be discriminated, is 50 years after the death of the creator of the contribution.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 22.4]}
• Copyright in an anonymous work, or work published or published without revealing the identity of the author, expires 50 years after disclosure or publication.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 23.1]}
• Copyright in an audiovisual work lapses 50 years after its disclosure.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 106]}
• Copyright in works of applied art lapse 25 years after the completion of the work.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 148]}
• The rights of performers lapse 50 years after the end of the year in which the phonogram or videogram was made.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 182]}
• The rights of producers of phonograms and videograms lapse 50 years after fixation.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 188]}
• The rights of broadcasting organizations lapse 20 years after the broadcast.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 192]}
• Non-Macanese works are copyrightable in Macau for the Macanese copyright duration or the home country or area, whichever is less, i.e. the rule of the shorter term applies in Macau.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 51ff]}

Not protected

According to Decree-Law No. 43/99/M of August 16, 1999, on the Regime of Copyright and Related Rights (as amended by Law No. 5/2012 of April 10, 2012), the following are not subject to protection: a) The news of the day and the reports of various events for the sake of simple information, in any case disclosed; (b) applications, claims, complaints and other documents submitted in writing or orally before public authorities or services; c) The texts presented and the speeches delivered to assemblies or other bodies collegiate, political and administrative matters, or in public debates on matters of common interest; d) Political speeches.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 5.1]}

Official works do not enjoy protection. Official texts, among others, are the texts of conventions, laws, regulations and reports or decisions of any authorities, as well as their translations.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 6]}

Copyright tags

• {{PD-MacaoGov}} – for official works of Macau.
• {{PD-MacaoGov-text}} – text is in the public domain because official texts shall not benefit from protection.
• {{PD-MO}} – for works 50 years after the author's death or 50 years after creation if authorship unknown.
• {{PD-MO-old-art}} – copyright in works of applied art shall lapse 25 years after the completion of the work.
• {{PD-MO-old-audiovisual}} – copyright in an audiovisual work shall lapse 50 years after its disclosure.
• {{PD-MO-old-broadcast}} – rights of broadcasting organizations shall lapse 20 years after the broadcast.
• {{PD-MO-old-media}} – rights of producers of phonograms and videograms shall lapse 50 years after fixation.
• {{PD-MO-old-photo}} – copyright in photographic works shall lapse 25 years after their completion.

Currency

 괜찮지 않음. Currency is copyrighted and reproduction requires approval from the Monetary Authority of Macau.

"In accordance with article 14.2 of the Decree-Law No. 7/95/M of January 30, requests for reproduction of banknotes for educational and promotional purposes with justifiable reasons could be approved by the Government. In practice, such requests should be made to the Monetary Authority of Macau (AMCM)."

Freedom of panorama

괜찮습니다 {{FoP-Macao}}

• It is legal, without the consent of the author ... To make copies by photography, videography, cinematography or other analogous means, of works of art placed in public places.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 61(l)]}
• However, the free use of a protected work must not prevent its normal economic exploitation nor unjustifiably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 62(l)]}
• The reproductions allowed under article 61 should not be confused with the original works by those who use them, and the reproduction or citation cannot be so extensive as to detract from the interest in those works.^{[43/99/M/2012 Article 62(3)]}

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer

Text transcluded from
COM:Manchukuo

만주국

Other region, e.g. dependency, union, former country

저작권 법규: Manchukuo 단축: COM:MANCHUKUO
보호기간
일반저작물	Life + 50 years
익명의 저작물	Publish + 50 years
집합저작물	Publish + 50 years
기타
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-Manchukuo-stamps}}
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3	~
국제 협약

This page provides an overview of copyright rules of Manchukuo relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in Manchukuo must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both China and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from Manchukuo, refer to the relevant laws for clarification.

Background

Manchukuo was founded in 1932 after Japanese troops occupied Northeast China and dissolved by the Soviet Union in 1945. China has always claimed Northeast China without recognizing Manchukuo.

Copyright tags

• {{PD-Manchukuo}} – for collective and anonymous works from Manchukuo, which are now in the public domain in the People's Republic of China.
• {{PD-Manchukuo-stamps}} – for stamps issued by the government of Manchukuo, which are now in the public domain in China.

Stamps

use {{PD-Manchukuo-stamps}}.

As China has always claimed Northeast China without recognizing Manchukuo, any copyright of Manchukuo stamps would have expired no later on 1 January 1996. China limits corporate copyright to 50 years since publication, and it is no longer known who designed the stamps.

See also

• Manchukuo
• Category:Stamps of Manchukuo
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/China/ko

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer

Text transcluded from
COM:Mongolia

몽골

저작권 법규: 몽골 단축: COM:몽골
보호기간
일반저작물	생애 + 사후 50년
익명의 저작물	공표 후 75년
응용미술저작물	Publish + 25 years
기타
파노라마의 자유	Yes
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-Mongolia}} {{PD MN-exempt}}
국제 협약
베른 협약	1998년 3월 12일
세계 무역 기구	1997년 1월 29일
URAA 회복일‌ [1]	1997년 1월 29일
WIPO 조약	2002년 10월 25일
[1]‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.

This page provides an overview of copyright rules of Mongolia relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in 몽골 must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both Mongolia and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from Mongolia, refer to the relevant laws for clarification.

Background

Mongolia has been a member of the 세계무역기구 since 29 January 1997, the Berne Convention since 12 March 1998 and the WIPO Copyright Treaty since 25 October 2002.

In 2018 the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, listed the Law of Mongolia on Copyright and Related Rights (as last amended on January 19, 2006) as the main copyright law enacted by the legislature of Mongolia. This was repealed on May 6, 2021 in favor of a new, revised Law of Mongolia on Copyright and Related Rights. WIPO holds the text of this law and its amendments in their WIPO Lex database.

General rules

Under the Law of Mongolia on Copyright and Related Rights (as amended on May 6, 2021),

• The term of copyright protection work shall begin from the date of its creation or its publication.^{[2021 Article 14.1]}
• Exclusive rights to use the work shall be enforced during the lifetime of the author and for 50 years after December 31st of the year following the author's death.^{[2021 Article 14.3]}
• Exclusive rights to use the work created under a pseudonym or anonymously shall be valid until for December 31st of the 50th year after the first publication of the work.^{[2021 Article 14.5]}
• Copyright protection for joint works shall be enforced during the lifetime of the co-authors and for December 31st of the 50th year of the death of the last author.^{[2021 Article 14.7]}
• Exclusive rights to use the work of applied arts shall be enforced until December 31 of the 25th years from the date of creation of work.^{[2021 Article 14.4]}

Not protected

Under the Law on Copyright and Related Rights (as amended on May 6, 2021), Article 7 (Works not protected by copyright), the following are not protected by copyright:

• legislation, administrative norm acts, and other legal acts^{[2021 Article 7.1.1]}
• decisions and official documents of state administrative authorities and legal entities^{[2021 Article 7.1.2]}
• court decisions, judgments, decrees, judge's ordinance, speech at court hearings^{[2021 Article 7.1.3]}
• official translations of the aforementioned documents^{[2021 Article 7.1.4]}
• state emblems, coat of arms, flags, government awards, orders, medals, currency and other payment instrument^{[2021 Article 7.1.5]}
• news and information which transmit the simple facts and data created for the purpose of reporting the current events and results^{[2021 Article 7.1.6]}
• ideas, operating methods, operations, scientific discoveries, theories, abstract concepts and mathematical theorems.^{[2021 Article 7.1.7]}

Commissioned works

Under the Law on Copyright and Related Rights (as amended on May 6, 2021), Article 20 (Copyright in a Commissioned works)

• As stated in the agreement for a commissioned work, the author shall undertake duties to create and submit a work and the client/person commissioning the work shall undertake duties to pay the remuneration to the author.^{[2021 Article 20.2]}
• The exclusive right to use the work belongs to the author, unless the agreement provided for in the previous Article provides that the client has the exclusive right to use the work created under commission.^{[2021 Article 20.3]}

Copyright tags

• {{PD-Mongolia}} – applies to works first published in Mongolia: applied art 25 years after publication. Other works 50 years after the author's death. Anonymous and pseudonymous works and works created by legal persons 50 years after publication.
• {{PD MN-exempt}} – for exemptions listed in the Not Protected section.^{[2006 Article 8]}

Currency

괜찮습니다: Currency and other payment instruments are considered works not protected by copyright.^{[2021, Article 7.1.5]} Note that currency was not on the list of items not protected under copyright law in the previous 2006 version of the law.

Freedom of panorama

괜찮습니다 for works of architecture and sculptures.  괜찮지 않음 for blueprints and architectural models (free use only for building restoration).  괜찮지 않음 for 2D works, no indication that the exception extends to murals and other graphic works. Applicable template: {{FoP-Mongolia}}.

Article 46 of the Law of Mongolia on Copyright and Related Rights provides for freedom of panorama, as long as the reproduction is not made to create an exact (identical) structure for direct or indirect commercial purpose.

Freedom of panorama was previously interpreted to not exist in Mongolia according to the now-repealed 2006 Law of Mongolia on Copyright and Related Rights, which only allowed for incidental inclusion of works in public spaces for reporting purposes, while also providing conditions similar to United States fair use conditions. This was superseded by the May 6, 2021 law.

The amended law's Article 46 states that Structures, statues and architectural works may be exploited in the following conditions without the authorization of or compensation to the author or right holder^{[2021, Article 46.1]}:

• to display them to public by making a duplication of the works of architecture, fine arts and statues located in public places permanently, and by painting, filming or photographing them.^{[2021, Article 46.1.1]} This shall not grant a right to reproduce an identical structure, statue or architectural creation directly or indirectly for commercial purposes.^{[2021, Article 46.2]}
• the exploitation of architectural drawings/blueprints, models, and schemes for restoration of such buildings and facilities.^{[2021, Article 46.1.2]}

See also Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2024/05#Updated FoP in Mongolia.

See also

• Mongolia
• Category:Mongolian FOP cases

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer

Text transcluded from
COM:Japan

일본

저작권 법규: 일본 단축: COM:일본
보호기간
일반저작물	생애 + 사후 70년
익명의 저작물	발행 후 70년
공공저작물	법령, 판결, 고시는 자유
기타
파노라마의 자유	For buildings
보호기간이 연말에 만료	예
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-Japan}} {{PD-Japan-exempt}} {{PD-Japan-organization}} {{PD-Japan-film}} {{PD-Japan-oldphoto}} {{PD-Japan-audio}} {{FoP-Japan}} {{TOO-Japan}}
국제 협약
베른 협약	1899년 7월 15일
세계 무역 기구	1995년 1월 1일
URAA 회복일‌ [1]	1996년 1월 1일
WIPO 조약	2002년 3월 6일
[1]‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.

이 문서는 위키미디어 공용에 작품을 업로드하는 것과 관련된 일본의 저작권 법규에 대한 개요를 제공합니다. 일본에서 시작된 모든 작업은 일본과 미국 양쪽에서 퍼블릭 도메인에 있거나 자유 라이선스로 이용할 수 있어야 위키미디어 공용에 업로드할 수 있다는 점에 유의하세요. 일본 저작물의 저작권 상태에 의문이 있을 경우 관련 법률을 참조하여 설명을 구하세요.

Governing laws

일본은 1899년 7월 15일 베른 협약에, 1995년 1월 1일에 세계 무역 기구에, 2002년 WIPO 저작권 조약에 가입했습니다. 유엔 산하의 세계지적재산권기구(WIPO)는 2018년 현재 일본 입법부가 제정한 주요 지적재산권법으로 저작권법(1970년 5월 6일 법률 제 48호, 2014년 5월 14일 법률 제 35호까지 개정)을 등재하고 있습니다.WIPO는 이 법률의 내용을 WIPO Lex 데이터베이스에 보관하고 있습니다. 2018년 12월 일본 문화청은 환태평양 경제 동반자 협정에 따라 저작권 기간을 저작자 사후 50년에서 70년으로 연장했다고 발표했습니다. 2018년 12월 30일 이전에 이미 퍼블릭 도메인인 저작물에는 영향을 미치지 않습니다.

보호 기간

일본 저작권법(법률 제48호: 1970년 5월 6일 개정, 법률 제30호: 2018년 5월 25일 개정)에 따르면,

• 저작권은 저작자가 생존하는 동안과 사망한 후 70년간 존속한다.^{[35/1970-2018 제51조]}
• 무명 또는 이명의 저작물인 경우, 저작권은 발행 후 또는 저작자 사망 중 더 빠른 날짜로부터 70년 동안 존속한다.^{[35/1970-2018 제52조]}
• 공동저작물은 최초 발행일로부터 70년 간 존속한다.(발행되지 않은 경우 만들어진 날로부터)^{[35/1970-2018 제53조]}
• 단체 명의의 저작물의 저작권은 발행 후 70년이 지나거나 발행되지 않은 경우 만들어진 이후 70년 이내에 발행되지 않은 경우 만들어진 이후 70년이 지나면 소멸된다.^{[35/1970-2018 제53조]}
• 저작자가 전항에 규정된 보호 기간 동안 저작물을 저작권청에 등록한 경우에는 전항이 적용되지 않는다.^{[1899-1931 제53조2호]}
• 음성 녹음의 경우, 기간은 발행 후 70년 입니다. 자세한 사항은 {{PD-Japan-audio}}를 참고하십시오.
• 2018년 부터 저작권 기간이 50년에서 70년으로 연장되었습니다. 기간 연장 이전에 저작권이 만료된 저작물은 해당되지 않습니다.

• 2003년 6월 18일부터 영화는 발행 후 50년이 아닌 70년 동안, 창작 후 70년 이내에 영화가 발행되지 않은 경우 창작 후 70년 동안 예외적으로 보호됩니다.^{[1899-1931 제54조]}
  • 1971년 이전에 창작자의 이름으로 발행된 경우 사망한 후 38년 입니다.^{[1899-1931 제22조의3][1899-1969 제3조]}
  • 1953년 이전에 일본에서 제작되고 사망 후 38년 이상인 사람이 감독한 모든 영화는 퍼블릭 도메인입니다. 자세한 사항은 {{PD-Japan-film}} 템플릿을 참고하십시오.

• 사진: 1957년 이전은 발행일(또는 발행되지 않은 경우 창작일)로부터 10년입니다.
• 1956년 12월 31일 이전에 발행된 사진에 대한 저작권 보호는 저자의 생사 여부에 관계없이 종료되었습니다.
• 1970년 이전의 저작물에 대한 보호기간은 구 저작권법의 보호기간과 현 저작권법의 보호기간 중 더 긴 기간입니다. 이 조항은 특히 영화 저작권 상태에 영향을 미칩니다.

• 2차 세계대전에서 추축국의 권한이 연장되었으며, 이는 본질적으로 저작권 보호 기간에 11년을 더한 것입니다.
• 저작물이 30일 이내에 미국에서도 발행된 경우(또는 미국에서 처음 발행된 경우) 미국 법률에 따라 보호되지만 URAA 복원에 영향을 받지 않습니다. Commons:PD files와 공용:히틀 차트를 참고하십시오.

보호받지 않는 저작물

Under the Copyright Act (Act No. 48 of May 6, 1970, as amended up to Act No. 35 of May 14, 2014) the following are not eligible for copyright.^{[35/1970-2014 Art. 13]}

1. the Constitution and other laws and regulations;
2. public notices, instructions, circular notices and the like issued by organs of the State or local public entities, incorporated administrative agencies ... or local incorporated administrative agencies ...;
3. judgments, decisions, orders and decrees of courts, as well as rulings and judgments made by government agencies in proceedings of a quasi-judicial nature;
4. translations and compilations prepared by organs of the State or local public entities, incorporated administrative agencies or local incorporated administrative agencies of [any of] the materials listed in the preceding three items.

시기별

개인의 저작물

저작자의 사망일	발행일	저작권 틀
– 1945년 12월 31일	– 1928년 12월 31일	{{PD-Japan}} + {{PD-old-auto-expired}} {{PD-Japan}}{{PD-old-auto-expired|deathyear=death year}}
– 1945년 12월 31일	1929년 1월 1일 – 1957년 12월 31일 1971년 1월 1일 –	{{PD-Japan}} + {{PD-old-auto-1996}} {{PD-Japan}}{{PD-old-auto-1996|country=Japan|deathyear=death year}}
– 1945년 12월 31일	1958년 1월 1일 – 1970년 12월 31일	{{PD-Japan}} + {{Not-PD-US-URAA}}이 작품은 1971년 전에 발행된 후 38년 동안 저작자 사후 저작물로서 저작권이 유효했었기 때문에 URAA 회복 날짜(1996년 1월 1일)에 일본에서 여전히 저작권이 있었습니다.[1899 Art. 4][1969 Art. 52-1] {{PD-Japan}}{{Not-PD-US-URAA|country=Japan}}
1946년 1월 1일 – 1967년 12월 31일	– 1928년 12월 31일	{{PD-Japan}} + {{PD-old-auto-expired}} {{PD-Japan}}{{PD-old-auto-expired|deathyear=death year}}
	1929년 1월 1일 –	{{PD-Japan}} + {{Not-PD-US-URAA}} {{PD-Japan}}{{Not-PD-US-URAA|country=Japan}}
기타		일본 법에 따라 여전히 보호받는 저작물입니다.

무명 또는 이명의 저작물

저작물의 저자가 저작권 기간 동안 공개되면 개인의 저작물로 보호됩니다. 예를 들어 데즈카 오사무(手塚 治, 1989년 사망)와 그의 필명은 "手塚 治虫"로 잘 알려져 있어 그의 작품은 2059년까지 일본에서 보호됩니다.

Date of publication	Copyright tag
– 1928년 12월 31일	{{PD-Japan}} + {{PD-anon-expired}} {{PD-Japan}}{{PD-anon-expired}}
1929년 1월 1일 – 1945년 12월 31일	{{PD-Japan}} + {{PD-anon-auto-1996}} {{PD-Japan}}{{PD-anon-auto-1996|country=Japan|publication=year}}
1946년 1월 1일 – 1967년 12월 31일	{{PD-Japan}} + {{Not-PD-US-URAA}} {{PD-Japan}}{{Not-PD-US-URAA|country=Japan}}
Others	일본 법에 따라 여전히 보호받는 저작물입니다.

공동저작물

Date of publication	Copyright tag
– December 31, 1928	{{PD-Japan-organization}} + {{PD-US-expired}} {{PD-Japan-organization}}{{PD-US-expired}}
January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1945	{{PD-Japan-organization}} + {{PD-1996}} {{PD-Japan-organization}}{{PD-1996|country=Japan}}
January 1, 1946 – December 31, 1967	{{PD-Japan-organization}} + {{Not-PD-US-URAA}} {{PD-Japan-organization}}{{Not-PD-US-URAA|country=Japan}}
Others	The work is still protected under Japan law.

오래된 사진

Date of creation	Date of publication	Copyright tag
– December 31, 1946	Any date	{{PD-Japan-oldphoto}} {{PD-Japan-oldphoto}}
January 1, 1947 – December 31, 1956	– December 31, 1956	{{PD-Japan-oldphoto}} {{PD-Japan-oldphoto}}
	January 1, 1957 – (within 10 years)	Judged under 1970 Copyright law. (as an individual work or pseudonymous work)
	Not published within 10 years from creation	{{PD-Japan-oldphoto}} {{PD-Japan-oldphoto}}
January 1, 1957 –	Any date	Judged under 1970 Copyright law. (as an individual work or pseudonymous work)

저작권에서의 예외

• For some government works, {{PD-Japan-exempt}}
• For pre-1953 films directed by a person who died more than 38 years ago. This may not exclude the company's work. e.g. In 2006, Roy Export Company Establishment sued a Japanese company that was copying Sunnyside (1919) and other pre-1953 films directed by Charlie Chaplin. Tokyo distinct court judged that Chaplin held their copyright. They have been protected until 2015 (38 years after his death, according to the older copyright law) or 70 years after their publication, plus more additional period by the wartime prolongation).
• {{PD-Japan-film}} + choose from {{PD-US-expired}} or {{PD-1996}} (–1945)

• For other films, No one expires copyright yet. (earliest 2025)
• FoP (photographs of an architectural work) {{FoP-Japan}} + free license tag for the image
• FoP (photographs of the copyrighted artwork or sculpture located in a public space) {{NoFoP-Japan}} (Not accepted on Commons)
• TOO (Logo) {{TOO-Japan}} + Public domain for the image

저작권 틀

• {{PD-Japan-oldphoto}} – for Japanese photos published before 1 January 1957, or photographed before 1 January 1947.
• {{PD-Japan}} – for Japanese non-photographic works 50 years after the death of the creator (there being multiple creators, the creator who dies last), or 50 years after publication for anonymous or pseudonymous authors. Valid for works whose author died before 1968.
• {{PD-Japan-film}} – for films produced in Japan prior to 1953.

• {{PD-Japan-organization}} – for images of the works in names of organizations/companies/corporations 50 years after the publication. Valid for works by the name of organizations which were published before 1968.
• {{PD-Japan-exempt}} – for works exempt from copyright in Japan.

• {{GJSTU1}} - For contents made available on government websites under the Government of Japan Standard Terms of Use (Version 1.0).
• {{GJSTU-2.0}} - For contents made available on government websites under the Government of Japan Standard Terms of Use (Ver.2.0); compatible with CC BY 4.0.

비 저작권 태그:

• {{FoP-Japan}}은 "파노라마의 자유"에 따라 허용되는 건축물을 포함하는 사진에 추가될 수 있지만 일본과 미국에서 사진의 저작권 상태를 나타내기 위해 다른 태그를 지정해야 합니다.

• {{AerialPhotograph-mlitJP}} - 저작권 소유자인 일본 국토교통성은 저작권 소유자에게 적절한 출처를 표기하는 경우 누구나 이미지를 어떤 목적으로든 사용할 수 있도록 허용합니다.

화폐

OK. 일본 지폐의 도안은 일본 저작권법에 따라 저작권 보호 대상이 아닌 국가 발행 '고시'로 발행됩니다. {{PD-Japan-exempt}}가 적용됩니다.

사소한 이용

2012년에 개정된 일본 저작권법 제30조의2에는 다음과 같이 명시되어 있습니다.

• 제30조의2: 사진촬영, 녹음 또는 녹화를 하는 과정에서 다른 저작권이 있는 것이 본 주제와 분리되기 어려운 경우 부수적인 주제로 취급되어 작성 중인 저작물에 따라 복제 또는 번역될 수 있다. (만들어진 작업의 사소한 요소인 경우에 한해) 다만, 부수적으로 포함된 저작물의 종류 및 복제 또는 번역의 방식을 고려할 때 저작물의 저작권자의 이익을 부당하게 해치는 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다.

파노라마의 자유

• 미술 저작물:  괜찮지 않음 {{NoFoP-Japan}} 제46조의 적용을 받는 경우 제외
• 건물에 한해: 괜찮습니다 {{FoP-Japan}}

The Copyright Act (Act No. 48 of May 6, 1970, as amended up to Act No. 35 of May 14, 2014), allows the reproduction of artistic works located permanently in open places accessible to the public, such as streets and parks, or at places easily seen by the public, such as the outer walls of buildings, only for non-commercial purposes. Therefore, such photographs are not free enough for Commons.

Architectural works (i.e., buildings) located in such places may be photographed and the photos may be reproduced for any purposes. §46(iv), which contains the "non-commercial" restriction, applies only to "artistic works".^{[1899-1931 Art. 46(iv)]} Some buildings like the Tower of the Sun can be regarded as artistic works per discussion.

Regarding buildings, a 2003 ruling by the Osaka District Court states that in order for a building to be copyrighted, it "must have creativity in aesthetic expression in light of the definition of works stipulated in Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item 1 of the same Act." This means ordinary-looking buildings are not eligible for copyright protection as "architectural works".

For more information, refer to:

• 著作権法 – 建築に関する著作物について (Copyright Law – About Architectural Works), by 村田法律事務所 (Murata Law Office) (archived copy) — in Japanese

Note: According to Japanese copyright law, Japan has a copyright lifetime of 70 years after the death of the author (ie. creator/designer) or following "the death of the last surviving co-author in the case of a joint work." Henceforth, the author's works shall become copyright free and enter the public domain.^{[1899-1931 Art. 51]}

우표

70년 이상 또는 1968년 1월 1일 이전에 발행된 우표는 {{PD-Japan}}에 따라 퍼블릭 도메인 입니다.

창작성의 기준

Logos in the gallery below are 괜찮습니다 to upload. Article 2 of Japanese copyright law defines that a work is eligible for copyright when it is a production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific, artistic or musical domain.

Japanese courts have decided that to be copyrightable, a text logo needs to have artistic appearance that is worth artistic appreciation. Logos composed merely of geometric shapes and texts are also not copyrightable in general.

	(DR) Tokyo High Court's ruling: letters are a means of communication, shared by all. Copyright protection of fonts is limited only to those that raise artistic appreciation as much as artistic works do.
	(DR) Tokyo High Court's ruling: although the shape is stylized, the text is in a normal arrangement and keeps its function of being read as a sequence of letters.
	Tokyo District Court's ruling: the Court is negative towards recognizing the symbol as a copyrightable work of fine arts, because it is considered merely relatively simple graphic elements.

• Furby toy: utilitarian, so not protected by copyright as an artistic work. Not utilitarian in the United States, so photos of the toy can't be uploaded to Commons.

서명

OK for a typical signature,  Not OK for calligraphic signatures. The decision 平成10(受)332 (Hanrei Jiho No. 1730: 123) set a relatively high artistic threshold for typefaces. The decision 平成10(ワ)14675 substantiates that calligraphy works are copyrightable . According to Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item 1 of the Copyright Law, a work is a production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific artistic or musical domain. A signature must have aesthetic properties capable of artistic appreciation, not just beauty in terms of practical functionality, to be copyrightable.

같이 보기

• 日本
• 분류:일본 파노라마의 자유 사례
• 분류:일본의 라이선스 틀
• 분류:일본의 우표

• s:ja:ヘルプ:パブリックドメイン (Wikisource: Help: Public Domain)
• s:ja:著作権法 (明治三十二年法律第三十九号) (Wikisource: Copyright Act 1899)
• s:ja:著作権法 (Wikisource: Copyright Act 1970)
• m:Legal/URAA Statement
• Fundamental Concepts in Japanese and American Copyright Law (Karjala and Sugiyama, 1988)

인용

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer

Text transcluded from
COM:North Korea

조선민주주의인민공화국

저작권 법규: 조선민주주의인민공화국 단축: COM:DPRK
보호기간
일반저작물	생애 + 50년
집합저작물	공표 후 50년
기타
파노라마의 자유	Yes
보호기간이 연말에 만료	예
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-North Korea}} {{PD-DPRKOld}}
국제 협약
베른 협약	2003년 4월 28일
URAA 회복일‌ [1]	2003년 4월 28일
[1]‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.

This page provides an overview of copyright rules of North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in North Korea must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both North Korea and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from North Korea, refer to the relevant laws for clarification.

배경

Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan in 1910. After World War II ended in 1945, Korea was divided into two zones, with the north occupied by the Soviet Union and the south occupied by the United States. In 1948, separate governments were formed in North Korea and South Korea.

North Korea has been a member of the Berne Convention since 28 April 2003.

As of 2018 the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, listed Copyright Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (as amended by Decree No. 1532 of February 1, 2006, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly) as the main IP law enacted by the legislature of North Korea. WIPO holds an English language version of the text of this law in their WIPO Lex database.

A Korean language version is held on WikiSource. Korea.gnu.org holds the Korean language version of the 2001 Copyright Law.

Dr. Deming Liu provides an analysis on the North Korean copyright law in a 2018 scholarly essay.

Applicability

As listed by Article 9,^{[1532/2006 Article 9]} North Korean works eligible for copyright are:

• works of scientific treatises, novels and poems
• works of music
• works of theatrical art such as opera, drama, acrobatics and dance
• works of visual art such as film and television program
• works of fine arts such as painting, sculpture, industrial art, calligraphy and design
• works of photography
• works of graphic art such as map, chart, blueprint, sketch and model
• computer programs

Buildings are not specifically mentioned as applicable works. However, according to Liu (2018), "it is possible that buildings are protected as works of fine arts on the ground that they are analogous to sculpture as specifically provided for in the copyright act."

General rules

Under the Copyright Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (as amended by Decree No. 1532 of February 1, 2006),

• The property right to a copyrighted work shall be protected from the moment of its publication to the 50th year after the death of its author. The property right to a joint copyrighted work shall be protected from the moment of its publication to the 50th year after the death of the last survivor of the co-authors.^{[1532/2006 Article 23]}

• The property right to a copyrighted work or a copyrighted visual art work whose author is an institution, enterprise or organization shall be protected for up to 50 years from the moment of its publication.^{[1532/2006 Article 24]}
• The term of copyright protection shall be calculated from 1 of January of the year following the publication of the work or the death of its author.^{[1532/2006 Article 25]}

보호받지 않는 저작물

• Documents for state management, current news or information data shall not be the object of copyright unless commercial purpose is pursued.^{[1532/2006 Article 12]}
• A "work whose publication, issuance, performance, broadcasting, show and exhibition is prohibited" is not protected by copyright.^{[1532/2006 Article 6]}

저작권 틀

• {{PD-North Korea}} – Public domain work whose copyright has expired
• {{PD-KPGov}} – Government or other work in the public domain
• {{PD-Korea-1910-1945}} – Work made while Korea was under Japanese occupation
• {{PD-Korea-1910-1945-photo}} – Photograph made while Korea was under Japanese occupation
• {{PD-Korea-1910-1945-film}} – Film made while Korea was under Japanese occupation

Currency

 괜찮지 않음. According to the North Korean copyright act, documents for state management, current news or information data shall not be the object of copyright unless commercial purpose is pursued.^{[1532/2006 Article 12]} However, currencies are for commercial purposes, so currencies are not included here.

• See also: Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Banknotes of North Korea and Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:Money_of_North_Korea

파노라마의 자유

괜찮습니다 {{FoP-North Korea}}

Under the Copyright Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (as amended by Decree No. 1532 of February 1, 2006), A copyrighted work may be used without the permission ... when a copyrighted work in public places is copied.^{[1532/2006 Article 32.8]}

우표

. According to North Korean copyright law as of 2006, "the property rights to a copyrighted work or a copyrighted visual art work whose author is an institution, enterprise or organization shall be protected for up to 50 years from the moment of its publication."^{[1532/2006 Article 24]}

If published before 1 January 1974 use {{PD-DPRKOld}}.

같이 보기

• 조선민주주의인민공화국
• Category:North Korean FOP cases
• Category:Stamps of North Korea
• 공용:지역별 저작권 법규/대한민국

인용

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer

Text transcluded from
COM:Taiwan

중화민국

저작권 법규: Taiwan 단축: COM:TAIWAN
보호기간
일반저작물	Life + 50 years
사진저작물	Publish + 50 years
익명의 저작물	Publish + 50 years
영상저작물	Publish + 50 years
집합저작물	Create/publish + 50 years
공공저작물	Public domain, OGDL or GWOIA
기타
파노라마의 자유	For buildings
보호기간이 연말에 만료	Yes
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-Taiwan}} {{OGDL}} {{GWOIA}}
ISO 3166-1 alpha-3	TWN
국제 협약
세계 저작권 협약	30 October 1992
URAA 회복일‌ [1]	1 January 2002
[1]‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.

This page provides an overview of the copyright rules of Taiwan relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in Taiwan must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both Taiwan and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from Taiwan, refer to the relevant laws for clarification.

Background

The island of Taiwan was annexed by Qing China in 1683, then ceded to Japan in 1895. The Republic of China (ROC) assumed control of Taiwan in 1945 after Japan's defeat in World War II. In 1949, the government of the ROC fled to Taiwan from mainland China. In 1971, the ROC lost its seat in the United Nations to the People's Republic of China (PRC).

The copyright laws of the Republic of China are codified in the Copyright Act as amended on 15 June 2022, in effect in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. A list of changes to copyright laws since 1928 is available at Wikibooks.

Applicability

Works covered by copyright as listed at Article 5 are:^{[2022 Art.5]}

• Oral and literary works.
• Musical works.
• Dramatic and choreographic works.
• Artistic works.
• Photographic works.
• Pictorial and graphical works.
• Audiovisual works.
• Sound recordings.
• Architectural works.
• Computer programs.

General

According to the Copyright Act as amended on 15 June 2022,

• Generally, economic rights endure for the life of the author and 50 years after the author's death.^{[2022 Art.30]}
• Where a work is first publicly released between the 40th and 50th years after the author's death, the economic rights shall endure for a term of 10 years beginning from the time of the first public release.^{[2022 Art.30]}
• Economic rights in a joint work subsist for 50 years after the death of the last surviving author.^{[2022 Art.31]}
• Economic rights in a pseudonymous work or an anonymous work endure for 50 years from the time of public release; provided, the economic rights shall be extinguished where it can be proven that the author has been deceased for over 50 years. These provisions do not apply when the pseudonym of the author is well known to the public.^{[2022 Art.32]}
• Economic rights in works authored by a legal entity endure for 50 years after the public release of the work; provided, if the work is not publicly released within 50 years from the completion of the creation, the economic rights shall subsist for 50 years after completion of the creation.^{[2022 Art.33]}
• Economic rights for photographic works, audiovisual works, sound recordings, and performances endure for 50 years after the public release of the work. The proviso of the preceding article shall apply mutatis mutandis to the preceding paragraph.^{[2022 Art.34]}
• All the above terms of duration terminate as of the last day of the last year of the term.^{[2022 Art.35]}

Not protected

According to the Copyright Act as amended on 15 June 2022, The following items shall not be the subject matter of copyright, to which {{PD-ROC-exempt}} applied:^{[2022 Art.9]}

1. The constitution, acts, regulations, or official documents.
2. Translations or compilations by central or local government agencies of works referred to in the preceding subparagraph.
3. Slogans and common symbols, terms, formulas, numerical charts, forms, notebooks, or almanacs.
4. Oral and literary works for news reports that are intended strictly to communicate facts.
5. Test questions and alternative test questions from all kinds of examinations held pursuant to acts or regulations.

The term "official documents" in the first subparagraph of the preceding paragraph includes proclamations, text of speeches, news releases, and other documents prepared by civil servants in the course of carrying out their duties.^{[2022 Art.9]}

According to Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO), symbols, seals, flags, or emblems that are formulated according to law are not subject to copyright protection under Article 9.

Terms

Individual works

Date of author's death	Date of publication	Copyright tag
1895년 1월 1일부터 1914년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1500-00-00T00:00:00Z/6,P580,+1895-01-01T00:00:00Z/11,P582,+1914-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	1928년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1928-12-31T00:00:00Z/7,P582,+1928-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Japan-1899}} + {{PD-old-auto-expired|deathyear=death year}}
1915년 1월 1일부터 date QS:P,+1915-01-01T00:00:00Z/7,P580,+1915-01-01T00:00:00Z/11	1928년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1928-12-31T00:00:00Z/7,P582,+1928-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Taiwan-expired}} + {{PD-old-auto-expired|deathyear=death year}}
1915년 1월 1일부터 1951년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P580,+1915-01-01T00:00:00Z/11,P582,+1951-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	1929년 1월 1일부터 date QS:P,+1929-01-01T00:00:00Z/7,P580,+1929-01-01T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Taiwan-1996}} + {{PD-old-auto-1996|country=Taiwan|deathyear=death year}}
Others		The work is still protected under Taiwanese law and/or URAA.

Anonymous or pseudonymous works

Date of publication	Copyright tag
1895년 1월 1일부터 1914년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1500-00-00T00:00:00Z/6,P580,+1895-01-01T00:00:00Z/11,P582,+1914-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Japan-1899}} + {{PD-anon-expired}}
1915년 1월 1일부터 1928년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P580,+1915-01-01T00:00:00Z/11,P582,+1928-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Taiwan-expired}} + {{PD-anon-expired}}
1929년 1월 1일부터 1951년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P580,+1929-01-01T00:00:00Z/11,P582,+1951-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Taiwan-1996}} + {{PD-anon-auto-1996|country=Taiwan|publication=year}}
Others	The work is still protected under Taiwanese law and/or URAA.

Cooperative works

Date of publication	Copyright tag
1895년 1월 1일부터 1914년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1500-00-00T00:00:00Z/6,P580,+1895-01-01T00:00:00Z/11,P582,+1914-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Japan-1899}} + {{PD-US-expired}}
1915년 1월 1일부터 1928년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P580,+1915-01-01T00:00:00Z/11,P582,+1928-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Taiwan-expired}}
1929년 1월 1일부터 1951년 12월 31일까지 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P580,+1929-01-01T00:00:00Z/11,P582,+1951-12-31T00:00:00Z/11	{{PD-Taiwan-1996}}
Others	The work is still protected under Taiwanese law and/or URAA.

Old photographs

An old photograph of the Republic of China is in the public domain in both the Republic of China and the United States if it is one of the following:

1. A photograph published before 1952.
2. An anonymous photograph published before 2002 and whose author is certified dead before 1952.
3. A non-anonymous photograph taken before 1952 and unpublished within 50 years of being taken, but published before 2002.
4. A photograph not included in another work whose copyright term started before and continued to June 10, 1992 or not exclusively created for that work, and meeting one of the following conditions:
   • It's unregistered—taken before June 12, 1962 and published from July 12, 1965 until December 31, 2001.
   • It's registered—published before July 11, 1975, or taken before June 12, 1962 and published before 2002.
5. A photograph meeting the conditions of {{PD-US-unpublished}}.

See this page for further explanation.

Copyright tags

• {{PD-Taiwan}} – for images in the public domain according to the Republic of China (Taiwan).
• {{PD-China}} – for images in the public domain according to the People's Republic of China (mainland) and the Republic of China (Taiwan).
• {{PD-China-film}} – for movies or images from movies published in China more than 50 years ago according to Mainland China and Taiwan.
• {{PD-ROC-oldphoto}} – for old photographs in the public domain.
• {{PD-ROC-exempt}} – for files in the public domain according to the Republic of China for free of copyright.
• {{PD-ROC-official}} – for the attachments of the laws of the Republic of China from the website of the Legislative Yuan law system.
• {{PD-ROC-Presidential Office Gazette}} – for the Presidential Office Gazette from 20 May 1948 to present by the Presidential Office of the Republic of China.
• {{PD-ROC-Traffic Signs}} – for Taiwanese traffic signs from the website of the Institute of Transportation of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications.
• {{PD-ROC-Traffic Markings}} – for Taiwanese traffic markings from the website of the Institute of Transportation of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications.
• {{OGDL}} – for data released by government agency, government-owned business, public school and administrative legal entity and offered for use and re-use under the Open Government Data License, version 1.0.
• {{GWOIA}} – for information obtained from the websites of government agency, government-owned business, public school and administrative legal entity in Taiwan that includes the Government Website Open Information Announcement.

See also Commons:Copyright rules by territory/China:Copyright tags for works before and after 1949.

Currency

 괜찮지 않음 for all New Taiwan Dollar, both banknotes and coins, per Commons:Deletion requests/NTD banknotes.

As explained by VRT ticket 2014050810011876, all NTDs are protected by copyright under the Copyright Act of Taiwan. The copyright holder is the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan):

In response to the enquiry in your e-mail dated April 27, 2014, please be noted that the images of our national currency are strictly under the protection of the Copyright Act of Taiwan. That means all the pictures on the NTD banknotes are not allowed to be exhibited on any commercial websites without our permission in advance.

For several years, some users claimed that {{GWOIA}} may apply to them, based on CBC's Government Website Open Data Announcement:

“

I. In order to facilitate better utilization by the general public of the information on this website, all of the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)(herein known as CBC)’s publicly posted information and materials that are protected under copyright provisions may be utilized by the public without cost in a non-exclusive, reauthorization-available manner. The users may, without restriction on time and place, reproduce, adapt, edit, publicly transmit, or utilize in other ways, and develop various products or services (herein known as derivations). This authorization will not be retracted hereafter, and the users do not have to acquire any written or other types of authorization from the CBC. However, when using it, the users should acknowledge the source.

”

This is also not true as per another VRT ticket 2020051710002624, to which a CBC officer said that their GWOIA can only apply to their policy texts and photos made for hire that are photographed by their employees, and can't apply to any currency samples.

Please also note that there are several artworks and photograph works on currencies, they are all copyrighted, in Taiwan as per the copyright note, and in the United States as per URAA.

Inconclusive For Old Taiwan Dollars, their copyright terms should be treated case by case.

De minimis

Public space and artistic works

Commercial freedom of panorama is not allowed in Taiwan for copyrighted works of art (non-architecture). A de minimis standard was set by the Taiwan Intellectual Property Office regarding photographs that may show copyrighted monuments and murals of Taiwan:

(2) As to whether the photographing of outdoor graffiti (artistic works) and print it in postcards for sale constitute the situation of "reproduction of artistic works for the purpose of selling reproductions" in paragraph 4 of Article 58 of the Law, in principle, if a specific artistic work is taken as the "theme" or the "focus", and the photos are printed in postcards for sale, it should be the situation of paragraph 4 of Article 58, one shall not claim fair use in accordance with this article; However, if such artistic works are used as the background for portrait photos or other landscape photos, and such art works are "attached" to the photos (not the focus of photo), there is a space for fair use in accordance with Paragraph 4 of Article 58 of the Law. As for the situation of fair use in accordance with Article 58 of the Law mentioned in the Vol.192 (p.77) of TIPO's monthly magazine, it is only limited to the above-mentioned "incidental use" of outdoor artistic works.

— Excerpt of English translation of Email No.1111122

Note that in the context of Taiwanese copyright law, fair use is not "fair use" in the American context but is a synonym for a copyright limitation. Freedom of panorama and de minimis are considered as types of fair uses in Taiwan.

Freedom of panorama

• OK for buildings only {{FoP-Taiwan}}
•  Not OK for artistic works (sculptures, murals, and other non-architecture)

Article 58 of the "Copyright Act" states that:

Artistic works or architectural works displayed on a long-term basis on streets, in parks, on outside walls of buildings, or other outdoor locales open to the public, may be exploited by any means except under the following circumstances:

1. Reproduction of a building by construction of another building.
2. Reproduction of a work of sculpture by production of another sculpture.
3. Reproduction for the purpose of long-term public display in locales specified in this article.
4. Reproduction of artistic works solely for the purpose of selling copies.

Reproductions of artistic works are thus only for non-commercial purposes; therefore, such photographs are not free enough for Commons:  Not OK.

The Taiwan Intellectual Property Office upheld this exact and restrictive perspective on freedom of panorama in their two correspondences which are accessible online: Reply No.1111122 and Reply No.1111230. This not only replaces some inconsistent interpretations in the past which Wikimedia Commons accepted in 2018 (for 3D public art) and in 2020 (for 2D public art), but also reinstated the original standpoint of Wikimedia Commons regarding the Taiwanese freedom of panorama. A more recent correspondence from TIPO, Reply No.11260001910, reaffirms the prior replies and explicity states that the use of free Creative Commons licenses on photos of copyrighted public art (such as outdoor sculptures of Ju Ming and Hongtong village murals) as mandated by Wikimedia may result to copyright infringement as the licenses involve the use of those photos on post cards and other media in which the only purpose is to sell copies of the artistic work. TIPO suggested that the Creative Commons license terms should exclude "reproduction of artistic works solely for the purpose of selling copies of the said works."

Also, Article 64 states that:

• Who uses other people's works according to Article 44 to 47, Article 48 to Article 50, Article 52, Article 53, Article 55, Article 57, Article 58, and Articles 60 to 63, shall clearly indicate their origin.
• The source of the explicit source in the preceding paragraph shall be used in a reasonable manner except for those whose name is unknown or whose works are unknown.

See also these related discussions: in October 2021 and in January 2023 on Commons, and also an extensive discussion and debate over the matter in Chinese Wikipedia.

Architecture vs. artistic works

Reply No.11260001910 reaffirms the standards of what is an architectural work in Taiwan, citing Section 4 the Building Act. Accordingly, a building "refers to the structures or miscellaneous works fixed on the ground or under the ground surface, having top covers, beams, columns, or walls, and used for individuals or the public." According to TIPO, if a certain work belongs to the categories of both architectural works and artistic works, the said work is still subject to the non-commercial restrictions of Taiwanese freedom of panorama at Article 58, paragraph 4.

Threshold of originality

The level required for copyright is low. Independently created works with "minimal creativity" are eligible, according to Taiwan's Intellectual Property Office.

The following examples are 괜찮습니다:

• These two artworks with traditional design elements are unprotected, according to court decisions that they do not meet the originality threshold for copyright protection:

• 
• 

• Simple typeface, such as the typeface of Sunshow company logo:

• 

The following examples are  괜찮지 않음:

• Calligraphy works, including:
  • "燒烤飯糰" on this photo, is copyright protected ruled by a court.
  • "風月堂" (see the last page of the PDF document for the work in question).
• The graphic part of Sunshow company's logo. The court ruled that the graphic part of the logo: two hands clasped together, one over the other, is copyrightable, but the typeface "SUNSHOW" is not.
• The Louis Vuitton Monogram Multicolor pattern [3].

Signatures

 Not OK: This government regulation (archived from original) lists handwriting and calligraphy as examples of artistic works that are subject to copyright protection.

Stamps

According to the TIPO, stamps are considered as normal copyrighted artworks, not government works. Old stamps can be public domain following the #Terms section above.

See also

• 中華民國
• Category:Taiwanese FOP cases
• Category:License tags of Taiwan
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/China/ko

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer

Text transcluded from
COM:China

중국

저작권 법규: People's Republic of China 단축: COM:China
보호기간
일반저작물	생애 + 사후 50년
사진저작물	Publish + 50 years (before June 1, 2021) Life + 50 years (after June 1, 2021)
익명의 저작물	공표 후 50년
영상저작물	공표 후 50년
공공저작물	Public domain (not always)
기타
파노라마의 자유	For 3D works
보호기간이 연말에 만료	예
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-China}} {{PD-PRC-exempt}}
국제 협약
베른 협약	1992년 10월 15일
세계 저작권 협약	1992년 10월 30일
세계 무역 기구	2001년 12월 11일
URAA 회복일‌ [1]	1996년 1월 1일
WIPO 조약	2007년 6월 9일
[1]‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.

This page provides an overview of copyright rules of the People's Republic of China relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in China must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both China and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from China, refer to the relevant laws for clarification.

Different legal regimes and copyright terms apply in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, and in Taiwan.

Background

China has been independent for centuries, first as an empire and then since 1912 as a republic. Hong Kong was ceded to Britain in 1842, and in 1 July 1997 was returned to China as a special administrative region. In 1887 Portugal gained rights to Macao, which was returned to China as a special administrative region in 1999. The Japanese seized Manchuria in 1931 and created the puppet state of Manchukuo. This was returned to China in 1946.

After the Chinese Civil War the government of the Republic of China fled to Taiwan in 1949, but continued to claim to be the legitimate government of mainland China. The mainland People's Republic of China does not recognise the legitimacy of the Republic of China, and claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The same copyright rules apply to mainland China and Taiwan up to 1949.

China has been a member of the Berne Convention since 15 October 1992, the Universal Copyright Convention since 30 October 1992, the World Trade Organization since 11 December 2001 and the WIPO Copyright Treaty since 9 June 2007.

As of 2021 the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, listed the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (as amended up to the Decision of November 11, 2020, of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Amending the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China) as the main copyright law enacted by the legislature of China. For the time being, the WIPO Lex database only holds its Chinese edition. Wikisource has a Chinese version and an English translation.

Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China is retroactive.

The rights of copyright owners, publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video recordings, radio stations and television stations as provided in this Law, of which the term of protection specified in this Law has not yet expired on the date of this Law's entry into force, shall be protected in accordance with this Law.^{[1990 Art.55]}

General

According to the 2020 Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China,

• A work created by a natural person when fulfilling the tasks assigned to him by a legal entity or another unincorporated organization shall be deemed to be a service work. Unless otherwise provided in Paragraph 2 of this Article, the copyright of such a work shall be enjoyed by the author, but the legal entity or unincorporated organization shall have a priority right to exploit the work within the scope of its professional activities....^{[2020 Art.18]}

• The rights of authorship, alteration and integrity of an author shall be unlimited in time.^{[2020 Art.22]}
• The term of protection for the right of publication ... in respect of a work of a citizen shall be the lifetime of the author and fifty years after his death, and expires on 31 December of the fiftieth year after the death of the author.^{[2020 Art.23]}
• In the case of a work of joint authorship, such term shall expire on 31 December of the fiftieth year after the death of the last surviving author.^{[2020 Art.23]}

• For a work of a legal person or an unincorporated organization, and a work for hire whose copyright (excluding right of signature) is owned by a legal person or an unincorporated organization, the protection period for its right of publication shall be 50 years, ending on December 31 of the 50th year after the creation of the work; and the protection period for its rights shall be 50 years, ending on December 31 of the 50th year after the first publication of the work, but if a work has not been published within 50 years after the completion of the creation, it shall no longer be protected by this Law.^{[2020 Art.23]}
• For an audiovisual work, the protection period for its right of publication shall be 50 years, ending on December 31 of the 50th year after the creation of the work; and the protection period for its rights shall be 50 years, ending on December 31 of the 50th year after the first publication of the work, but if a work has not been published within 50 years after the completion of the creation, it shall no longer be protected by this Law.^{[2020 Art.23]}

According to the Implementing Regulations of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China:

• Article 13: In the case of a work of an unknown author, the copyright, except the right of authorship, shall be exercised by the lawful holder of the original copy of the work. Where the author has been identified, the copyright shall be exercised by the author or his heir in title.
• Article 16: The using of copyright enjoyed by the State shall be managed by the State Council copyright administration departments.

• Article 17: In the case of posthumous works, the right of publication may be exercised by the author's heir in title or other behested beneficiary within a period of 50 years, unless the author expressly had stated otherwise. In the absence of an heir in title or other behested beneficiary, the said right shall be exercised by the lawful holder of the original copy of the work.
• Article 18: In the case of a work of an unknown author, the protection term in relation to the rights as mentioned by item 5 to item 17 of first paragraph of Article 10 of the Law shall be 50 years ending on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of the work. Article 21 of the Law shall be applicable after the author of the work has been identified.

According to the Part IV Personality Rights, Chapter IV Portraiture Right, Article 1019 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, any organizations or peoples are not permitted to violate portraiture rights of other peoples by smear, stain, counterfeit by using information technology or else ways. No making, using and publishing of portrait owners' images are allowed without their consent, unless permitted by other laws. The copyright owners of portraint works are also not allowed to use or disclosure by releasing, copying, distributing, hiring, exhibiting or other ways without their consent. Portraiture rights provisions mentioned above are non-copyright restrictions.

There were some discussions about the copyright situations of the works of Communist Party of China, a de facto consensus on Chinese Wikisource (see s:zh:Template:PD-PRC-CPC) considered that, based on the Criminal Justice Reference guiding cases №. 680, CPC works may considered as in Public Domain per Article 5 if they are published by central organizations of CPC, such as National Congress, Central Committee and their subordinate bodies. If not published by central organizations, then CPC works may considered as copyrighted.

Not protected

According to the 2020 Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, this Law shall not be applicable to: (1) laws, regulations, resolutions, decisions and orders of state organs; other documents of legislative, administrative or judicial nature; and their official translations; (2) simple factual information; and (3) calendars, numerical tables, forms of general use and formulas.^{[2020 Art.5]}

Terms

Individual works

Date of author's death	Date of publication	Copyright tag
– 1973년 12월 31일	– 1928년 12월 31일	{{PD-China-expired}} + {{PD-old-auto-expired}} {{PD-China-expired}}{{PD-old-auto-expired|deathyear=death year}}
– 1945년 12월 31일	1929년 1월 1일 –	{{PD-China-1996}} + {{PD-old-auto-1996}} {{PD-China-1996}}{{PD-old-auto-1996|country=China|deathyear=death year}}
Others		The work is still protected under China law and/or URAA.

Anonymous, Pseudonymous or Cooperative works

If the author of the work is unveiled during its copyright term, it is protected as an individual work.

Date of publication	Copyright tag
– December 31, 1928	{{PD-China-expired}} + {{PD-anon-expired}} {{PD-China-expired}}{{PD-anon-expired}}
January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1945	{{PD-China-1996}} + {{PD-anon-auto-1996}} {{PD-China-1996}}{{PD-anon-auto-1996|country=China|publication=year}}
Others	The work is still protected under China law and/or URAA.

Photographs

Date of creation	Date of publication	Copyright tag
– December 31, 1928	– December 31, 1928	{{PD-China-expired}} + {{PD-old-auto-expired}} {{PD-China-expired}}{{PD-old-auto-expired|deathyear=death year}}
– December 31, 1945	Unpublished	{{PD-China-1996}} + {{PD-old-auto-1996}} {{PD-China-1996}}{{PD-old-auto-1996|country=China|deathyear=death year}}
	January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1945 January 1, 1996 –
Others		The work is still protected under China law and/or URAA.

Exceptions

• For some government works, {{PD-PRC-exempt}}
• {{PD-China-film}} + choose from {{PD-US-expired}}, {{PD-1996}} (–1945) or {{Not-PD-US-URAA}} (1946–1953)
• FoP (photographs of an architectural work) {{FoP-China}} + free license tag for the image

Copyright tags

• {{PD-China}} – for images in the public domain according to the People's Republic of China (mainland) and the Republic of China (Taiwan).
• {{PD-China-film}} – for movies or images from movies published in the China more than 50 years ago according to Mainland China and Taiwan.
• {{PD-Empire of China Government Gazette}} – for the Government Gazette from January to March 1916 (Hongxian Year 1) by the Empire of China.
• {{PD-Manchukuo-stamps}} – for images of Manchukuo stamps that are now in the public domain in China.

People's Republic of China

• {{PD-PRC-exempt}} – for works in the public domain according to the People's Republic of China for free of copyright.
• {{PD-PRC-GB mandatory standard}} – for images from mandatory Guobiao standards with legal nature.
  • {{PD-PRC-Road Traffic Signs}} – for road traffic signs from mandatory National Standard GB 5768.
  • {{PD-PRC-Road Traffic Markings}} – for road traffic markings from mandatory National Standard GB 5768.
• {{PD-PRC-CPC}} - for works formulated by central organization of the Communist Party of China

Republic of China

Works with these tags may be published before or after 1949 within the jurisdiction of the Republic of China:

• {{PD-ROC-exempt}} – for images in the public domain according to the Republic of China for free of copyright
• {{PD-ROC-official}} – for the attachments of the laws of the Republic of China from the website of the Legislative Yuan law system
• {{PD-ROC-Presidential Office Gazette}} – for the Presidential Office Gazette from 20 May 1948 to present by the Presidential Office of the Republic of China [4]

Older (1912–1949) works published within the jurisdiction of the Republic of China

• {{PD-ROC-Provisional Government Gazette}} – for the Provisional Government Gazette from 29 January to 5 April 1912 by the Nanking Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912) [5]
• {{PD-ROC-Provisional Gazette}} – for the Provisional Gazette from 13 February to 26 April 1912 by the Peking Republican Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912–1913)
• {{PD-ROC-Government Gazette}} – for the Government Gazette from May 1912 to June 1928 by the Beiyang Government of the Republic of China [6]

• {{PD-ROC-Military Government Gazette}} – for the Military Government Gazette from 17 September 1917 to 14 May 1918 by the Southern Government of the Republic of China [7]
• {{PD-ROC-Generalissimo Government Gazette}} – for the Generalissimo Government Gazette from 30 January 1922 to 20 May 1925 by the Southern Generalissimo Government of the Republic of China [8]
• {{PD-ROC-National Government Gazette}} – for the National Government Gazette from July 1925 to 19 May 1948 by the National Government of the Republic of China [9]

Cheque

괜찮습니다 {{PD-shape}} for cheques with simple designs. However, many Chinese cheques have security features that exceed threshold of originality and therefore  괜찮지 않음.

Currency

 괜찮지 않음. The design of renminbi is exceeding the threshold of originality of China and there is no apparent evidence that renminbi designs are in public domain.

However, for currencies that are in circulation, there are some non-copyright restrictions. The use of Renminbi designs is subject to approval. According to the Measures for the Administration of the Use of Renminbi Designs (人民币图样使用管理办法) (amended in 2019):

• Article 4 The use of Renminbi designs are not permitted for ceremonial, lifestyle and finance bill purposes;
• Article 6 The use of Renminbi designs are administrated territorially, and every use cases shall be approved one by one. The People's Bank of China, to which their headquarter is located in Shanghai, as well as their branches, business management departs, sub-branches of the capitals of provinces, and centre bank of PBC in Shenzhen, are the approval authorities of Renminbi use cases. The local branches of PBC are acceptance agencies of applications of cases.

• Article 9 The use of Renminbi designs should follow the following terms:
  • Only one paper face by one picture;
  • No harms of Renminbi images, national interests and public interests are allowed;
  • Will not let the public consider mistakenly as the Renminbi itself;

...

괜찮습니다 for those with expired copyright.

Freedom of panorama

In general, 괜찮습니다 , with attribution {{FoP-China}}, for outdoor and indoor works (since June 2021 with the 2020 amendment of the copyright law allowing indoor works) but practically may be problematic with regards to images of 2D works like murals and permanent outdoor paintings (reference: Commons:Deletion requests/File:Mao Zedong portrait.jpg). To summarize:

• 괜찮습니다 for architecture,
• 괜찮습니다 for 3D works like sculptures (and possibly things like handicrafts, ceramics, and tiles), and
• generally  괜찮지 않음 for 2D works like murals and outdoor paintings, unless their presences in images are not being main subjects.

The reproduction of artistic, architectural, or applied artwork, is covered under the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China, which allows reproduction of works in an outdoor public place if the author and the name of the original work is attributed.

• Article 24: In the following cases, a work may be exploited without the permission from, and without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the name or designation of the author and the title of the work are mentioned and the normal use of the work, or unreasonably damage the lawful rights and interests of the copyright owner shall not be affected:
  (10) copying, drawing, photographing, or video recording of an artistic work located or on display in a public place;...
  The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to restrictions on copyright-related rights.

The "Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China" (2020) Article 24, clause 10 states that:

[A] work may be exploited without the permission from, and without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the name or designation of the author and the title of the work are mentioned and the normal use of the work, or unreasonably damage the lawful rights and interests of the copyright owner shall not be affected:

copying, drawing, photographing, or video recording of an artistic work located or on display in a public place

Regulations and court decisions regarding to freedom of panorama:

• Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases of Civil Disputes over Copyright, Article 18: Artistic works in outdoor public places stipulated in Article 22, Item 10 of the Copyright Law refer to sculptures, paintings, calligraphy and other works of art that are set up or displayed in outdoor public places.
  Copying, painting, photographing, and video recording of the artistic works specified in the preceding paragraph may be used again in a reasonable manner and scope without causing any infringement.

• Reply on the "Report on the Request for Infringement of Copyright Disputes between Shandong Tianyi Advertising Co., Ltd. and Qingdao Hisense Communications Co., Ltd." of the Shandong Provincial Higher People's Court, the Supreme People's Court: (Dispute on using May Wind sculpture in advertisements) ... Here, for 'reasonable approach and scope', the 'approach and scope' for profit purposes should be included. This is the original intention of formulating the Judicial Interpretation. This provision of judicial interpretation is in conformity with the basic spirit of fair use as stipulated by the Berne Convention, and it is also in line with the legislation of most countries in the world."

• Wang Juxian vs. Shaoxing Water Conservancy Bureau on Other Copyright Ownership Infringement Dispute Trial Supervision, The Supreme People's Court: As mentioned above, China's Copyright Law exempts the public from the obligation to attribute the author's name and the name of the work while exempting the author from the obligation to authorize and pay for the copying of the sculpture in the outdoor public place. Under normal circumstances, the public can only rely on the annotation of the outdoor art work itself to confirm the author's name and the name of the work without any obligation to verify.

The following examples are 괜찮습니다:

• Photos of the Tian Tan Buddha sculpture. See the court ruling of a civil law case, in which the court ruled that commercial use of a photo of the Tian Tan Buddha by a telecommunications operator on their IP phone cards is permissible.

• Photos of the May Wind sculpture. Shandong Province Higher People's Court ruled in a civil case that the usage of an image of this sculpture as a wallpaper in cellphones by a cellphone manufacturer is permissible. China's Supreme Court later on endorsed this ruling.

Some limitations to the Chinese freedom of panorama as ruled by courts

• The Chinese FOP provision can hardly apply to works temporarily displayed in public places according to the reply by Supreme People's Court in 1995, which stated that works displayed only during the festival cannot be considered as "an artistic work located or on display in a public place".
• More recently, however, Chongqing Yuzhong District People's Court ruled in 2016 that the use of a photo of an outdoor sculpture on postcards for sale (commercial use without attribution) to be an infringement of the sculpture creator's rights (source: [10][11]). Note that the judge applied criteria pertaining to "fair use", including the purpose of reuse, the nature of use, and the consequences of use. Regarding the nature of use, the judge comments, "in this case, the photo contained in the 'Folklore Heritage' postcard issued by the advertising company is a full-body frontal photo of the sculpture of the 'Ciqikou night watchman', which is featured prominently in the picture and is the main vehicle for the postcard to express the design theme of 'Folklore Heritage', so this kind of use is not incidental."
• Regarding 2D works like outdoor paintings permanently installed in public spaces and murals, a recent court case by Beijing IP court (2020) gave a negative decision: "The Court believes that the general use of 2D art works by copyright owners is relatively simple, that is, copying works, creating derivative works on the basis of the original works for commercial use or authorizing others to do so. If a 2D art work is displayed in a public place, others can freely use it for commercial purposes after photographing, drawing or copying, the licensing and copyright owner's income will be seriously threatened, then the normal use of the work will be affected and the legitimate rights and interests enjoyed by the copyright owner will be prejudiced."

See also: Category:Chinese FOP cases.

Threshold of originality

China has a relatively low threshold of originality standard; basic designs may be copyrightable. One of the most noticeable cases is the logo of a company named Gang Heng (listed below) ruled by China's supreme court as copyrighted (see below).

The following examples are 괜찮습니다:

• "Matchstick man" (image) with a black sphere as a head, black lines as torso, limbs and feet is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality (source).
• Five SKECHERS logos (image) are not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality in 2020 (final judgement and related news coverage).
• "BIOU" logo (image), with letter "b" and "o", and a small barcode in the upper right corner, is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality in 2018 (final judgement and related articles [12] [13]). Note that the logo was initially ruled as copyrightable by the Trademark Review and Adjudication Board and a lower court.
• "KON" logo (see below), with three black bars crossed together, is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled Beijing Dongcheng District People's Court in 2019 (final judgement and news coverage).
• "Chao Qun" logo (see below), is not copyrightable for lacking originality, ruled China's Supreme People's Court in 2012 (original judgment by the Court). The court asserted that the expression does not show the existence of a unique style; there are only subtle differences when compared to the common Seal script and Clerical script, the "Chao Qun" logo does not reach a certain creative height, and does not have originality.

• 
  A stick figure similar to this image, where the head is represented by a circle and other parts represented by straight lines, is not copyrightable.
• 
  The SKECHERS's S logo is not copyrightable.
• 
  KON logo with three black bars crossed together is not copyrightable.
• 
  Chao Qun logo is not copyrightable.

The following examples are  Not OK:

• Calligraphy works, such as:
  • the work "道" on this photo (archived from original) (see the article by Beijing Youth Daily (archived from original), and the follow-up report (archived from original).
  • the character "勁" (archived from the original), with rulings made by Beijing No.1 Intermediate People's Court, and Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality
  • calligraphy for "澳門豆撈" (image), ruled by Henan Zhengzhou Intermediate People's Court (source).

are copyrighted (Copyright Law of the PR China: "Article 2 Works of Chinese citizens, legal entities or other organizations, whether published or not, shall enjoy copyright in accordance with this Law." ; "Article 3 'Works' mentioned in this Law shall include [...] in the following forms: (4) works of fine art and architecture" ; Regulations for the Implementation: "Article 4 (8) 'works of fine arts' means [...] such as paintings, works of calligraphy and sculptures;")

• Handwriting: a hand-written manuscript was deemed copyrightable as work of art, according to a decision made by Nanjing Intermediate People's Court in 2017 (sources: [14] [15], Final judgement).
• "LY" company logo (alternative link; archived from the original), although arguably relatively simple, has been ruled copyrightable by Trademark Appeal Board of the State Administration of Industry & Commerce, Beijing Intellectual Property Court, and Higher People's Court of Beijing Municipality.

• Typefaces of characters "笑", "喜", and "城市宝贝" in these two logos are copyrightable, ruled Nanjing Intermediate People's Court in 2012. However the character "巴" in the same logo was decided not copyrightable for lacking originality in the same decision. (source, court decision full text: Final judgement)
• Gang Heng logo: China's Supreme People's Court ruled this logo to be protected by copyright in 2014 (original judgment by the Court; related news coverage).

• Dyneema logo (in this article): China's Supreme People's Court ruled this logo to be protected by copyright in 2017 (original judgment by the Court).
• K2 Sports logo as shown in the image below is eligible for copyright protection, determined during trademark adjudication proceedings in 2010 (source).

• 
  The logo of K2 Sports is copyrightable in China (but not copyrightable in its country of origin, the US).

Signatures

 Not OK: According to the laws of the People's Republic of China, whether a work is protected by copyright, that is contingent on the originality (, literally "independent creativity"). Works having originality are protected and the copyright held by their authors ("Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2020) Article 15: "A work created by compilation shall refer to the work which is compiled of some works, fragments of works or the data or other materials not constituting a work, and the choice or layout of the contents of which embodies the original creation. The copyright of the compilation work shall be enjoyed by the compiler, provided that the exercise of such copyright does not infringe upon the copyright of the pre-existing works included in the compilation.") The signatures are commonly created independently rather than imitatively.

The signatures by the Chinese people containing Chinese characters may be considered as Chinese calligraphy works, and thus defined as artwork (, or translated as "works of fine arts") and protected by law ("Regulations for the Implementation of the Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2002) Article 4: "(8) 'works of fine arts' means two- or three-dimensional works of the plastic arts created in lines, colours or other media which impart aesthetic effect, such as paintings, works of calligraphy and sculptures;"). In a typical case, Dow Jones & Company had used a calligraphy "" written by calligrapher Guan Dongsheng. In 2003, Guan Dongsheng won his court action against the company, ruling by the Beijing First Intermediate People's Court. The artwork can be seen here.

Exceptions OK:

• If a signature is originally from documents of legislative, administrative, or judicial nature, it is in the public domain (see {{PD-PRC-exempt}}).
• Signatures whose author died more than 50 years ago are in the public domain.
• If the work is not a handwritten signature, but was instead created using standard, common typefaces of Ming, Sans-serif, or Regular script, it may be in the public domain. However, the vector glyphs in computer fonts may still be copyrighted.

Stamps

단축

• COM:Stamps China

참조: Commons:Stamps

As mentioned elsewhere (see Manchukuo and Wang Jingwei regime CRT pages), stamps issued by the government of Manchukuo, or the Wang Jingwei regime are nowadays in public domain, as both are considered as puppet regimes by Chinese Government, and hence never recognized their copyright status.

Pending informations, but in normal cases  Not OK for nearly all non-Manchukuo, non-Wang-regime stamps in China, because in most cases, the dates of birth of authors of those stamps are not publicly known, unless if that's issued before Jan 1, 1929 which is a {{PD-anon-expired}} case, we should de facto judge them as copyrighted by China Post or its affiliates (e.g. Beijing Stamp Factory).

In rare cases, if the dates of birth of authors of some individual stamps are known, those can enter the public domain 50 years after the death of the creator.

See also

• 中国 / 中國
• Category:License tags of China
• 공용:지역별 저작권 법규/홍콩
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Macau
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Manchukuo
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Taiwan
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Wang Jingwei regime

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer

Text transcluded from
COM:Hong Kong

홍콩

Other region, e.g. dependency, union, former country

저작권 법규: 홍콩 단축: COM:HK
보호기간
일반저작물	생애 + 사후 50년
익명의 저작물	창작/공표 후 50년
영상저작물	생애 + 사후 50년
기타
파노라마의 자유	For 3D works and "works of artistic craftsmanship"
보호기간이 연말에 만료	예
공용 라이선스 틀	{{PD-HK}} {{PD-HK-factsheet}}
국제 협약
베른 협약	1997년 7월 1일
세계 무역 기구	1995년 1월 1일
URAA 회복일‌ [1]	1996년 1월 1일
[1]‌A work is usually protected in the US if it is a type of work copyrightable in the US, published after 31 December 1928 and protected in the country of origin on the URAA date.

This section provides an overview of copyright rules of Hong Kong, China's special administrative region, relevant to uploading works into Wikimedia Commons. Note that any work originating in Hong Kong must be in the public domain, or available under a free license, in both Hong Kong and the United States before it can be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. If there is any doubt about the copyright status of a work from Hong Kong, refer to the relevant laws for clarification.

Governing laws

Hong Kong became a British colony in 1842. It was transferred back to China on 1 July 1997 as a special administrative region, with a separate system of government and legal system from mainland China.

Hong Kong has been a member of the World Trade Organization since 1 January 1995. Hong Kong joined the Berne Convention effective 1 July 1997.

As of 2018 the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, listed Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528) (consolidated version of May 27, 2016) as the main copyright law enacted by the legislature of Hong Kong. WIPO holds the text of this law in their WIPO Lex database. The Hong Hong eLegislation site also holds English and Traditional Chinese versions.

General

According to the Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528) (consolidated version of May 27, 2016),

• Copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work generally expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author dies.^{[528/2016 Section 17(2)]}
• If the work is of unknown authorship, copyright expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was first made; or if during that period the work is made available to the public, at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is first so made available.^{[528/2016 Section 17(3)]}

• If the work is computer-generated copyright expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was made.^{[528/2016 Section 17(6)]}
• With a work of joint authorship, the term is calculated from the year of death of the last surviving known author.^{[528/2016 Section 17(7)]}
• The above does not apply to Government copyright or Legislative Council copyright (see sections 182 to 184) or to copyright which subsists by virtue of section 188 (copyright of certain international organizations).^{[528/2016 Section 17(8)]}

• Copyright in a sound recording expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is made; or if during that period it is released, 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it is released.^{[528/2016 Section 18(2)]}
• Copyright in a film expires at the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the death occurs of the last to die of the following persons (a) the principal director; (b) the author of the screenplay; (c) the author of the dialogue; or (d) the composer of music specially created for and used in the film.^{[528/2016 Section 19(2)]}

정부의 저작물

According to the Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528) (consolidated version of May 27, 2016),

• Where a work is made by an officer of the Government in the course of his duties the work qualifies for copyright protection and the Government is the first owner of any copyright in the work.^{[528/2016 Section 182(1)]}
• Government copyright in a work continues to subsist (a) until the end of the period of 125 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was made; or (b) if the work is published commercially before the end of the period of 75 years from the end of the calendar year in which it was made, until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it was first so published.^{[528/2016 Section 182(3)]}

입법회의 저작물

According to the Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528) (consolidated version of May 27, 2016),

• Where a work is made by or under the direction or control of the Legislative Council the work qualifies for copyright protection and the Legislative Council is the first owner of any copyright in the work.^{[528/2016 Section 184(1)]}

• Legislative Council copyright in a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work continues to subsist until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the work was made.^{[528/2016 Section 184(3)]}

• For the purposes of this section, works made by or under the direction or control of the Legislative Council include (a) any work made by an officer or employee of the Legislative Council in the course of his duties; and (b) any sound recording, film, live broadcast or live cable programme of the proceedings of the Legislative Council. However, a work is not regarded as made by or under the direction or control of the Legislative Council by reason only of its being commissioned by or on behalf of the Legislative Council.^{[528/2016 Section 184(4)]}

Copyright tags

• {{PD-HK}} – for work with copyright expired.
• {{PD-HK-factsheet}} – for work taken from the GovHK Fact Sheets website.

Currency

 괜찮지 않음 section 103(1) of the Crimes Ordinance (Chapter 200) of the Laws of Hong Kong stipulates that reproduction of currency notes without prior permission of the Monetary Authority is an offense, and individuals may be liable for imprisonment for 6 months and a fine of HK$20,000.

It is worth to note that any approved reproduction under section 103 does not permit further subsequent copies or reproductions to be made for other usage ends without the written consent of the Monetary Authority. Therefore, applications for reproduction of Hong Kong currency note images for further copying or reproduction by a third party will generally not be approved. This implies that digital reproductions (which by nature permit further reproductions) are unlikely to be approved by the Authority, and so are not legally appropriate for Commons.

Freedom of panorama

괜찮습니다 for 3D works and 2D artistic craftsmanships,  괜찮지 않음 for many other 2D works, unless HKSAR government stated OK separately in particular cases. {{FoP-Hong Kong}}

According to Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528) (consolidated version of May 27, 2016), it is not a copyright infringement to make graphic representations, take photographs, or broadcast the images of buildings, sculptures, models for buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if the object is permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.^{[528/2016 Section 71]}

Because Hong Kong was a territory of the United Kingdom until 1997, Hong Kong law is modeled on UK law, and in the absence of any specific case law to the contrary it is reasonable to assume that the rules will be similar. See the United Kingdom for more details.

Similar to the UK law, 'works of artistic craftsmanship' is defined separately from 'graphic work'. The latter includes any painting, drawing, diagram, map, chart or plan, and any engraving, etching, lithograph, woodcut or similar work. Therefore freedom given in Sect 71 does not apply to posters or maps in public places.

Threshold of originality

 괜찮지 않음 for most logos. The level of originality required for copyright protection is presumably very low.

Because Hong Kong was a territory of the United Kingdom until 1997, Hong Kong law is modeled on UK law, and in the absence of any specific case law to the contrary it is reasonable to assume that the rules will be similar. See the United Kingdom for more details.

Stamps

as per talk page discussion.

The Hongkong Post, as a government department of Hong Kong, owns the intellectual property of stamps released by them.

Because Hong Kong was a territory of the United Kingdom until 1997, Hong Kong law is modeled on UK law, and in the absence of any specific case law to the contrary it is reasonable to assume that the rules will be similar. See the United Kingdom for more details.

See also

• 香港
• Category:Hong Kong FOP cases
• Category:License tags of Hong Kong
• Commons:Copyright rules by territory/China/ko
• 공용:지역별 저작권 법규/영국

Citations

Caution: The above description may be inaccurate, incomplete and/or out of date, so must be treated with caution. Before you upload a file to Wikimedia Commons you should ensure it may be used freely. 참조: Commons:General disclaimer