Commons:Obras anônimas
An anonymous work refers to a work where the author is unknown, undisclosed, or has been deliberately attributed as anonymous. Due to the Berne Convention, all new creative works, within the boundary of local laws, are automatically subject to copyright protection, even if they are published with no author information or under a pseudonym on purpose (otherwise known as an anonymous work). Anonymous works bring special consideration in judging if a work is in the public domain. Links to rules for anonymous works in specific countries may be found at Commons:Regras de direitos autorais por território.
Anonymous works are different from situations where images on the Internet or elsewhere may simply lack a label, credit line or other appropriate attribution which credits the author. In this situation, more work should be done to find the name of the creator, such as contacting the web host or reviewing the file's metadata. See the comparison below.
Comparação
Em todos os casos, informações detalhadas do autor devem ser fornecidas ao enviar imagens para o Commons, e reivindicações de anonimato de um autor devem ser verificadas com fontes confiáveis.
Obras anônimas
An anonymous work is a work published by its author, who wishes to remain anonymous, and either under no name at all, or a pseudonym that easily cannot be connected to its creator, defined in US law as "a work on the copies or phonorecords of which no natural person is identified as author." Often the rules for copyright expiration change if this is the case. If there is no known author, a date of death (if any) cannot be established. So in most cases, the protection of copyright is a fixed term beginning from the first date of publication. Article 7.3 of the Berne Convention mandates a minimum of 50 years of protection for anonymous works from the date it was "lawfully made available to the public", rather than a term for 50 years after the author's death.
In most countries however, if the author then discloses his identity after publication, the normal term is granted automatically like it was never even published anonymously. However, only case law in some countries has actually specified what could happen if the author revealed themselves after the term ends.
No author information
Works that do not immediately cite attribution to an author are not automatically 'anonymous'. Across the Internet, websites often offer images without attributing the author. In most cases, the image was published by an author, but it was exhibited on a site simply without mention of them. This could be a failure of the site to accurately cite the author of the works they are hosting, or part of the distribution relationship with an organisation. For example, an organisation may release photographs it has purchased under its own brand name without specifying the individual photographers who were involved. For these reasons, it is typically not correct to assume an author has intended anonymity.
Situações por país
Salvo indicação em contrário, presume-se que a maioria dos países utiliza a regra dos 50 anos da Convenção de Berna.
União Europeia
Na maioria dos países da União Europeia, devido à harmonização dos termos de direitos autorais, um trabalho anônimo é fornecido 70 anos de proteção a partir do dia em que foi publicado (o que muitas vezes pode fazer com que trabalhos anônimos publicados antes de 1954 sejam considerados de domínio público). Albânia, Andorra, Austrália, Brasil, Noruega e Paraguai também usam 70 anos.
França
Artigo L123-3 do Código de propriedade intelectual:
Na França, uma obra anônima recebe 70 anos de proteção a partir do início do ano após sua publicação, em vez da data de publicação. Se o autor se revelar dentro de 70 anos após a primeira publicação, a duração da proteção torna-se a mesma que para as obras normalmente publicadas (pelo menos 70 anos após a morte do autor).
Se uma obra anônima não foi publicada dentro de 70 anos após sua criação, seu proprietário que a publica pela primeira vez recebe um direito exclusivo por um período de 25 anos desde o início do ano seguinte.
Canadá
O Canadá usa 50 anos após a publicação ou 75 após a criação, o que ocorrer primeiro.
Índia
Anonymous works are protected in India for 60 years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is published (This is valid for literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work other than photograph that is published anonymously). In case of photographic work the copyrights subsists for a term of 50 years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the work is published. Reference: Copyright Act 1957 and The Copyright Amendment Act 2012
Mongolia
Obras anônimas são protegidas por 75 anos após a publicação.
Rússia
Obras anônimas são protegidas por 70 anos após a publicação. Veja {{PD-Russia}} para mais.
Reino Unido
If the author is unknown then the basic time period to bear in mind is 70 years. If the work has an unknown author and was created after 30 August 1989 copyright expires either 70 years after creation or if during that period the work is made available to the public 70 years after that. If the work is a photograph with an unknown author taken before 1 June 1957 then copyright expires 70 years after creation or if during that period the work is made available to the public 70 years after that. If the work was created before 1969 with an unknown author then several scenarios can apply:
- Se o trabalho foi publicado antes de 30 de agosto de 1989, os direitos autorais expiram 70 anos após a primeira publicação.
- Se a obra não for publicada e foi disponibilizada ao público pela primeira vez depois de 1968, os direitos autorais expiram 70 anos após a obra ter sido disponibilizada ao público pela primeira vez.
- Se o trabalho não for publicado e nunca tiver sido disponibilizado ao público, os direitos autorais expiram no final de 2039.
- Se o trabalho não for publicado e foi disponibilizado ao público pela primeira vez antes de 1969, os direitos autorais expiram no final de 2039.
United States
Many anonymous and pseudonymous works published before 1989 are in the public domain in the United States, but only because U.S. law previously required a copyright notice, registration, and renewal in order to gain or maintain protection: If a work was published before 1989, with the permission of the author, but without a copyright notice or without copyright registration, the work passed into the public domain in the United States. However, anonymity itself does not prevent a copyright: The work can still have a copyright notice and be registered in the United States as an anonymous or pseudonymous work. Even when a work is credited as anonymous or pseudonymous, the U.S. allows the option of providing or omitting the author's real name, birth year, and death year on the registration; so, if a work was registered, it might or might not be possible to determine the real author's death year.
A work that was created after 1904, but not published and not registered, can still retain copyright for the following 120 years if the author is not known; unpublished works are copyrighted without needing copyright notices or registration.
For works first published or registered in 1989 or later, the copyright terms are now 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is less.
Corporate authors follow the same rules as anonymous and pseudonymous authors whose death date cannot be determined.
Peru
As obras anônimas são protegidas por 15 anos após a publicação antes de 1980, de acordo com a lei de direitos autorais de 1961. Veja {{PD-Peru-anonymous}} para mais.
Ver também
- Commons:Copyright rules – other rules that may be applied by jurisdictions
- Commons:Licenciamento – The full Commons policy