English subtitles for clip: File:7 - 2 - Lecture 5.2 Loop Idioms (15 05).webm

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Loop idioms are how we construct loops.

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And we're going to, the loops kind of
have some kind of a goal in mind.

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Finding the largest, we played with that.

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Finding the smallest, counting the
number of things,

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looking for lines that start with pound
signs, something like that.

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They, they have a kind of a high-level
view of what they're supposed to do,

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and then we have to kind of build a
loop to accomplish that.

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And and this goes back to how we have to
think like a computer, right?

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We have to say, hey computer,

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do this over and over and over again,
and then I'll

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get what I want once you've done that
over and over again.

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You have to do something a million times.

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I'm not going to sit here and wait.

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At the end, I'll get what I want.

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So I call these kind of "smart loops",

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or how to kind of build
intelligence into loops.

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So, for example, we want the largest
number.

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Right?

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But we have to construct a loop that will

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get us the largest number thinking
like a computer.

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Okay? Thinking computationally.

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Thinking like a computer.

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So the idea is that we have some kind

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of a loop and we're going to
go through this list,

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some list of things, and this is
going to run a bunch of times.

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And, but the way we're going to do it is

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we're going to set something up
before the loop starts.

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We're going to do something to each of the
things that's being looked at,

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and at the end, we're going to get the
result we're looking for.

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Okay?

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And so in the middle it's kind of like
working.

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It's in the middle working,
da, da, da, da, da.

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And then here is the payoff.

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The payoff is at the end when we get the
information that we're interested in.

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So I will sort of use in the
next few examples

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this simple loop,

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and right now it doesn't do much.

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It does a print Before and it
has this variable

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thing that goes through the successive
values of these numbers.

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And it prints it out, right?
So that middle part says

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run this six times, once for
each of those values.

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And then After. Okay?

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And so we will add some intelligence
at the beginning, we'll add

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some intelligence in the middle, and we'll
add some intelligence at the end.

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And then the whole thing will
accomplish what we want.

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Right now this is kind of not that
intelligent.

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So now what I want to do, is I want to
review the thing we did, and I want you

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to remember what the largest number is,
and I'm going to

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show you a sequence of numbers in order.

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Ready?

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One, I'll do it kind of quickly, because
you've seen this before.

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So, I'm only showing you one number
at a time.

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So you want to tell me what the
largest number is.

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So here we go.
The first number is 9.

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The second number is 41.

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The third number is 12.
The fourth number is 3.

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The fifth number is 74.
And the sixth number is 15.

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So what was the largest number?

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Did you have to go back?
Or did you remember how to do it?

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Okay, well, I will give you a clue.
It was 74.

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Okay? That's because I know.

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Okay, now if you did that and you had to
do that for 20 or 30 numbers,

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you'd have to create a mental algorithm in

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your head to approach it and stay
concentrated, focused.

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So, you would've created a
variable in your head

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called largest_so_far.

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I would show you the first number, which
would be 9, and you would go hmm.

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Well, 9 is larger than 1, negative 1.

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So I will keep that. That's the new
largest I've seen so far.

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That's pretty awesome, because it's way
better than negative 1.

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41? I thought 9 was good.
But 41, that is a lot better.

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So I'm going to keep that one.

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That's the, that's the best.
It's the largest we've seen so far.

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We've only seen two numbers.

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But the best we've so far is 41.

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So 12 is not larger. Who, who
cares about that?

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It's not as big as 41 so we'll just go
right on to the next, on to the next.

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3, that's lame when we are
looking for large numbers.

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So we skip, oh, 74. 74, that's a
rockingly large number.

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So we're going to, that's a lot.

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That's actually the largest we've
seen so far

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because it's bigger than 41,
and 41 was the former champion

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largest we've seen so far.
And there's 74, so we keep that one.

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I don't know how many letters, of these
things you're going to see, right?

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We could see lots of them.
But the next one we see 15.

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Well, that's no good.

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We've got 74 already.
74's like totally awesome.

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Right?

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So now, oh, we're done.

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So, hey, we're done and so 74
is the champion.

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That is the largest.

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It's not even the largest so far
any more, it's actually the largest.

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It's the largest.

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So again, we had this thing
at the top, we had this loop in

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the middle, and at the bottom is
where you kind of get the payoff.

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And the payoff is

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not in the middle.

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while we're largest so far, largest so
far, largest so far,

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but at the end it turned out

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once you've looked at all the variables,

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all the values, the largest so far
is indeed the largest.

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Okay.

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So here's the algorithm for this.

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I have some variables, and remember

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that underscores are valid characters in
variables.

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Now [COUGH] I'm being a little
over-explicit in this.

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So I have a variable called
largest_so_far.

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Then what I do is I set it to 1,
negative 1.

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Then I print Before so we can see that
largest_so_far is negative 1.

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Then we have a for loop and my variable
iteration variable is the_num.

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So that's going to take on the successive
values: 9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15,

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and run this indented loop of code, okay?

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And so the_num will be 9,
first time through.

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If the_num, 9, is greater than

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largest_so_far, then grab the_num
and assign

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it into largest_so_far.
Then print at the end of each loop,

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largest_so_far and the_num.
So, so, in effect, the_num is 9.

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We compare it to negative 1, and
negative 1, 9 is higher.

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So we make largest_so_far be 9.

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Next time through the loop, next time
through the loop, num is 41.

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So we compare largest_so_far with 41, and
we like it, so we store it.

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So we like it, we run it, and we print
our 41 is the largest we've seen so far.

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And we run again.

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We come in, the_num now points to 12.
the_num, 12, is

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not greater than 41, and so we skip.
So, the largest

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so far stays 41, and we see 12.
Similarly, the_num advances to 3.

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We skip.

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So we saw 3, but the largest
so far is still 41.

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Continuing, the_num is now 74.
It runs, 74 is

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greater than 41, and so we run
this code. And so we say 74

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is stuck in largest_so_far,
and indeed, then we print

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it out, and largest so far is now 74.

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We continue on.

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We go up one more time.

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The_num points to 15, but 15
is not larger than 74.

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And so we skip.

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We print out 15 and 74, and then
we come out and

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at the end, at the end, we get
the largest so far.

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It, the name no matter, no longer,

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I mean it's kind of the largest

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so far at the end is the largest,
but the variable name.

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Okay? Got it?

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That's one idiom.
So let's just switch to another idiom.

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Now counting, how many things are we

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going to, how many times is loop
going to execute?

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How things are we going to find
in the loop?

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It's all kind of the same notion.

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And the pattern is really simple.
We start some variable zork.

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A better name for this would be count.

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But I want to call it zork.

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And then we have a loop, and then in the
loop we just add 1 to zork,

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and at the end, zork.

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That should be light blue right there.
zork should be the total count.

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Now of course we can look at it and say
it's going to be 6, but

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assume this loop is looping through a
million

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lines in the file or something like that.

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So it's [SOUND], so it's cheating to
kind of look at it and say, ooh, it's 6,

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because we want to actually compute it.
So it's really simple.

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You know, zork starts at 0.
It's going to run zork is 1 now, and

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2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and then we've run out of
stuff and then we print out 6.

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Okay?

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So that's kind of the idiom, right?

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Before, during, and after, right?
We do something before, we do

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something during, and, and in a sense this
zork here is the number we've seen so far.

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And at the end it becomes kind of the
total number.

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Summing in a loop, very similar.

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Again, you have to think of this is, there
is a whole bunch of variables here.

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We start a variable at 0.

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Each time through the loop, we add
whatever it is that we're seeing.

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Instead of adding 1 we're
adding 9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15.

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And zork would be best thought of as
running total.

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So, zork is the running total.

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And so if we look at the numbers 9,

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running total's 9, running total's 50,
running total's 62, 65, 139, 154.

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And then we skip out and at the end, the
running total becomes the total.

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Okay?

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So, that's another of these patterns
that, sort of,

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we do something at the beginning, we

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do something in the middle, and we have

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something very nice for ourselves
at the end.

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Finding the average of a sequence of
values

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is the combination of the
two previous patterns.

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This time I am going to use
more mnemonic variables.

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A variable called count.

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Everyone calls this count.

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Sum, now total would maybe be
a better word for this.

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The running total. And then, so the count
and the sum start out at 0, and

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then each time through the loop, count equals
count plus 1, so we're adding 1 to count.

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Sum equal sum plus value, so we're
adding 1 to to sum.

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I mean adding the value.

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Value of course being
9, 41, 12, 3, 74, 15.

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And then at the very end we can
print out the number.

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We have six things with a total of 154,
and then we calculate the average.

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Of course these are integer numbers, and
so this is a truncating division.

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So 154 over 6 equals 25 and

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not 25 point something.

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In Python 3000, Python 3, it'd be better.

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But so the average, the integer average is
of the numbers we just looked at, is 25.

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So sometimes we're searching, like
for a needle in a haystack.

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Looking for something and again
you have to think of like

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you're handed some amount of data and you
gotta hunt for something.

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And there might be a million things and
you might only want five of them.

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And you can either look by hand
or you can write

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a loop that's got an if statement that
says found it.

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Maybe I found it at line seven
or found it wherever.

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So this is filtering or finding or
searching, looking

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for a needle in a haystack, in a loop.

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And so the, the idea basically is
that we have this loop,

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it's going to go through all the
values, 9, 41, 12, 3, 74.

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But we put in the loop, we embed
an if statement.

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If the value we're looking at is greater
than 20, print I found it.

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So when value is 9, this is going to do
nothing and just go and make value be 41.

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And then value 41, oop, yep, there we go,
print Large number, so off this comes.

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Then value becomes 12, nothing happens,
value becomes 3, nothing happens,

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value becomes 74, oops, this
time it's going to happen.

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So out comes Large number 74.

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Then value becomes 15, nothing happens,
and then value is all done,

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and so it comes and finishes.

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So this is the searching or
filtering or catching or, or whatever.

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Okay?

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We can also sort of, if we don't just want

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to print everything out, we want to
say is something in there.

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Go look through this million things and

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tell me if blah exists.

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And in this we're going to introduce the
notion of Boolean variable.

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A Boolean is a true-false.

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It only has two values and we've
already used it in the while True.

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00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:38,537
So that capital True, that is a constant,
just like 7 or 42 or 99, or "Sam".

229
00:12:38,537 --> 00:12:40,410
And so we're going to make this
variable called found.

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00:12:40,410 --> 00:12:44,510
Now found is a mnemonic value, variable.
It's just a name I picked.

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00:12:44,510 --> 00:12:46,220
So found equals False.

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00:12:46,220 --> 00:12:48,380
This is going to be false,
until we find what

233
00:12:48,380 --> 00:12:50,880
we're looking for and then it's
going to switch to true.

234
00:12:50,880 --> 00:12:53,100
So it starts out and it's false.

235
00:12:53,100 --> 00:12:55,870
Then we're going to run this
bit of code three times.

236
00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:00,540
And if the value that we are looking at
is 3, then we're going

237
00:13:00,540 --> 00:13:05,430
to set found to be true, and we'll print
found value each time through.

238
00:13:05,430 --> 00:13:09,796
So value's going to take on 9, 41, 12, 3,
74, so we get a line

239
00:13:09,796 --> 00:13:12,904
of output for each one. And the
first time through

240
00:13:12,904 --> 00:13:15,804
it's not yet found, because we're
looking at a 9.

241
00:13:15,804 --> 00:13:17,271
Second time, it's not yet found.

242
00:13:17,271 --> 00:13:20,830
We looked at 41, still false. So it could
stay false for long time.

243
00:13:21,940 --> 00:13:23,180
Oh, we found a true.

244
00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:25,360
And then that means that this code is
going to run once.

245
00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:28,306
And so you can kind of think of this
found variable as sticky.

246
00:13:28,306 --> 00:13:31,342
It's going to stay false, and then
the rest of the loop

247
00:13:31,342 --> 00:13:34,590
it's going to stay true, and at
the end it is true.

248
00:13:34,590 --> 00:13:35,860
Now the way we usually do these
kinds of things

249
00:13:35,860 --> 00:13:36,750
is we don't bother with this
print statement,

250
00:13:36,750 --> 00:13:39,970
so we wouldn't see all this stuff.

251
00:13:39,970 --> 00:13:42,349
All we'd see is Before False, After True.

252
00:13:42,349 --> 00:13:44,800
And After would just tell us
that yeah, we found it.

253
00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:48,130
There was a 3 somewhere in
that long list of numbers.

254
00:13:48,130 --> 00:13:50,150
Okay? I am just adding this print
statement so we can

255
00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:55,530
kind of trace it. But basically this
loop, sort  of from here to here, is asking

256
00:13:55,530 --> 00:14:00,130
the question, is there the number 3 in the
list that we're about to go through?

257
00:14:01,260 --> 00:14:02,360
Okay?
Now...

258
00:14:03,870 --> 00:14:07,860
How could, I'll just give you a second and
ask you a quick question.

259
00:14:07,860 --> 00:14:09,000
You can pause if you want.

260
00:14:11,130 --> 00:14:14,360
How could you improve this loop
using the break?

261
00:14:14,360 --> 00:14:16,845
Where might you put a break
to make this loop smarter?

262
00:14:16,845 --> 00:14:23,230
[SOUND].

263
00:14:23,230 --> 00:14:26,380
It's okay if you didn't, if it
doesn't jump out at you.

264
00:14:26,380 --> 00:14:28,880
So, if you think about it.

265
00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:33,307
Once you hit true, there's really little
point in looking at the rest of them.

266
00:14:33,307 --> 00:14:37,307
There just is no point.
So we could put a break right here.

267
00:14:38,580 --> 00:14:43,190
Inside this block.
You'd say, look, I'm looking for a 3.

268
00:14:43,190 --> 00:14:45,240
All I care is whether I found it or not.

269
00:14:45,240 --> 00:14:50,440
If I find it, I mark it to true that I
found it, and I get out of the loop.

270
00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:51,530
Why bother?

271
00:14:51,530 --> 00:14:52,820
Why do all these things?

272
00:14:52,820 --> 00:14:55,100
Right, just get out.
Okay?

273
00:14:55,100 --> 00:14:56,990
So don't worry about it.

274
00:14:56,990 --> 00:15:00,490
I'm just pointing that out, that's one of
the places where break could be used.

275
00:15:00,490 --> 00:15:03,660
The loop functions either way it just, it
just looks through all the rest

276
00:15:03,660 --> 00:15:04,250
of them as well.

277
00:15:06,610 --> 00:15:08,540
Okay. So.