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21 December 2024

19 December 2024

18 December 2024

  • 20:3120:31, 18 December 2024 diff hist +24 File:Heparin binding sites on TGF-β superfamily cytokines.png No edit summary
  • 20:2720:27, 18 December 2024 diff hist +2,519 N File:Heparin binding sites on TGF-β superfamily cytokines.png {{Information |description=Figure 2. Heparin binding sites on TGF-β superfamily cytokines. Protein chains are shown as in Figure 1, and heparin binding site basic residues are shown in brown stick format. (A) The dimer of TGF-β1 (co-ordinates from 1KLC.pdb). Residues K25, R26, K31, K37, R94 and R97 form a discontinuous heparin binding site at the tips of the “fingers” [13]. (B) Sclerostin monomer (one of the NMR ensemble in 2K8P.pdb) with heparin-binding residues in brown. Cystine residues ar...
  • 18:5818:58, 18 December 2024 diff hist +1,113 N File:The heparin binding site of noggin in the noggin-BMP-7 complex (co-ordinates from 1M4U.pdb).png {{Information |description=Figure 4. The heparin binding site of noggin in the noggin-BMP-7 complex (co-ordinates from 1M4U.pdb). Noggin is shown as described in Figure 1, with amino acids 133–144, encompassing a cluster of eight basic arginine and lysine residues, shown in brown CPK format; BMP-7 is shown in blue ribbon format. The view of the dimer is rotated by 90° with respect to the plane of 1A. |date=2017-04-29 |source=https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/5/713 Rider, C.C.; Mulloy, B. H...
  • 18:3518:35, 18 December 2024 diff hist +2,685 N File:Mechanism for affinity switch in BMP-2 L100KN102D.tiff {{Information |description=Figure 6. Mechanism for affinity switch in BMP-2 L100K/N102D. H-bond network around the conserved serine residue in Act-A (a), the BMP-2 variant L100K/N102D with increased ActR-IIB affinity (b) and wildtype BMP-2 (c). The conserved central H-bond between Ser88 Oγ (Ser90 in Act-A) and Leu61 amide of ActR-IIB is shown as green thick stippled line. The intramolecular H-bond network comprising Lys100, Asp102, Ser88 (Lys102, Asp104 and Ser90 in Act-A) and a nearby struct...
  • 18:3418:34, 18 December 2024 diff hist +1,852 N File:Binding epitopes of BMPs and activin for interaction with activin receptors are very similar.tiff {{Information |description=Figure 5. Binding epitopes of BMPs and activin for interaction with activin receptors are very similar. (a) Structure based sequence alignment for the regions of BMP-2, BMP-7 and Act-A building the knuckle epitope. The putative contact residues based on the BMP-2:ActR-IIB interaction are color coded according to Fig. 4b. Asterisks mark the amino acid positions chosen for „domain swapping" between BMP-2 and Act-A, the conserved Ser is indicated by a triangle. (b) Seq...
  • 18:3218:32, 18 December 2024 diff hist +2,094 N File:BMP-2 type II receptor interface.tiff {{Information |description=Figure 4. BMP-2 type II receptor interface. (a) Location of the type II ligand/receptor binding epitopes on wildtype BMP-2 (left) and ActR-IIBECD(right). For designation of β-strands and finger-like structures see [62], the contact residues are marked in grey. (b) Surface representation of the type II ligand/receptor binding epitopes in the ''open book'' view. The surface of BMP-2 (left) is color coded by amino acid properties as follows: hydrophobic amino acids (A,...
  • 18:2918:29, 18 December 2024 diff hist +1,835 N File:BMP-2 type I receptor interface.tiff {{Information |description=Figure 3. BMP-2 type I receptor interface. (a) The tilt angle of BMPR-IA bound to BMP-2 changes upon binding of the type II receptor ActR-IIB. A superposition of the structures of BMP-2:(BMPR-IAECD)2 (blue, PDB entry 1REW), the ternary complex (1:1:1) of wildtype BMP-2:BMPR-IAECD:ActR-IIBECD (green) and the ternary complex (1:2:2) of BMP-2L100K/N102D:(BMPR-IAECD)2:(ActR-IIBECD)2 (red) is shown. The comparison of both assemblies reveals that the rearrangement is not...
  • 18:2518:25, 18 December 2024 diff hist +1,669 N File:Ternary ligand-receptor complex of BMP-2 variant L100KN102D.tiff {{Information |description=Figure 2. Ternary ligand-receptor complex of BMP-2 variant L100K/N102D. Ribbon representation (stereoview) of the ternary complex of the BMP-2 double variant L100K/N102D (in yellow and blue) bound to BMPR-IAECD (green) and ActR-IIBECD (red), viewed from the side (a) or from above (b). (c) Distances between the C-termini of the receptor ectodomains of each subtype are indicated. (d) The shortest distance between BMPR-IAECD and ActR-IIBECD occurs between the two recep...
  • 18:2018:20, 18 December 2024 diff hist +1,425 N File:Ternary ligand-receptor complex of wildtype BMP-2.tiff {{Information |description=Figure 1. Ternary ligand-receptor complex of wildtype BMP-2. Ribbon representation (stereo figure) of the crystal structure of wildtype BMP-2 (monomers in yellow and blue) bound to one receptor ectodomain of BMPR-IA<sub>ECD</sub> (green) and ActR-IIB<sub>ECD</sub> (red), (a) viewed from the side, (b) or from above. The unexpected stoichiometry 1:1:1 is due to crystal packing forces resulting in the loss of one BMPR-IA<sub>ECD</sub> and one ActR-IIB<sub>ECD</sub> mol...
  • 15:3415:34, 18 December 2024 diff hist +2,066 N File:Fate mapping the late tailbud reveals continued cell ingression.png {{Information |Description=Figure 3. Fate mapping the late tailbud reveals continued cell ingression. Schematic of DiI labelling experiment for distinct cell populations in HH20/21 tailbud (NT, neural tube; CNH, chordo-neural-hinge; MP mesoderm progenitors) (A); DiI labelling of NT before incubation (B), fixed and analysed in sections (n = 5/5 confined to NT) (B′); after incubation, DiI is restricted to Sox2 positive NT (B′″); DiI labelling of CNH before incubation (C), fixed and analysed in...
  • 15:3115:31, 18 December 2024 diff hist +3,002 N File:FGF signalling regulates cell fate assignment in the tailbud.png {{Information |Description=Figure 4. FGF signalling regulates cell fate assignment in the tailbud. Schematic of whole tailbud explant assay (A); Spry2 expression in tailbud explants following exposure to vehicle control DMSO (A′), FGFR inhibitor PD173074 (A″), or MEK antagonist PD184352 (A′″); Bra expression in tailbud explants following exposure to DMSO (B), PD173074 (B′), or PD184352 (B″). Arrow indicates normal down regulation of Bra in CNH in DMSO control; nc, notochord; mp, mesoderm pro...
  • 15:2115:21, 18 December 2024 diff hist +3,155 N File:Dynamics of Sox2 and Bra expression in chick and human tailbuds.png {{Information |Description=Figure 2. Dynamics of Sox2 and Bra expression in chick and human tailbuds. (A–D) Neural progenitor marker Sox2 mRNA expands into the mesoderm progenitor domain from HH24 (arrows in A′ and B′) analysed in HH22–27 stages in wholemount (A–D) and in medial saggital sections (SS) (A′–D′) at low and high magnification. The mesoderm progenitor marker Brachyury (Bra) is expressed in notochord, CNH, and caudal presomitic mesoderm at HH22. Expression is lost from the distal...

17 December 2024

16 December 2024

  • 18:2818:28, 16 December 2024 diff hist +1,876 N File:Analysis of the BMP signaling pathway.jpg {{Information |Description=Analysis of the BMP signaling pathway. (A) Quantification of P-SMAD1/5/8 immunohistochemistry on sagittal sections of musculus flexor carpi ulnaris of Noggin+/+ and Noggin−/− mice at the three different stages investigated. Values plotted as mean ± SEM; n = 5; *p < 0.05. Representative immunohistochemistry for P-SMAD1/5/8 at 16.5 dpc in Noggin+/+ (B) and Noggin−/− muscle (C). Enlargement of muscle area delineated in black in B’ and C’. Muscle is delineated in red,...
  • 11:3111:31, 16 December 2024 diff hist +1,567 N File:Noggin. Analysis of the muscle fiber thickness.jpg {{Information |Description=Figure 1. Noggin in mice. Analysis of the muscle fiber thickness. (A,B) The limb at 15–16 dpc using Jatlasviewer. The musculus flexor carpi ulnaris is colored in red. (C–E’) H&E staining on sagittal sections of the limbs at the indicated stages and genotype. The musculus flexor carpi ulnaris is digitally indicated in green. (F–H’) Actin immunofluorescence on cross-sections of muscles at the indicated stages. (I) Quantification using ImageJ of the thickness of the f...

15 December 2024

13 December 2024

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