File:Turkey magnitude 7.8 earthquake (3-17 AM, 6 February 2023) 1.png

English: This seismogram is from the Ankara seismic station in Turkey. The noise is from a magnitude 7.8 earthquake that hit southern Turkey at 3:17 AM, local time, on 6 February 2023. The epicenter was just east of the town of Atalar and northwest of Bayatli in southern Turkey. The hypocenter was between 15 and 20 kilometers deep. Shaking resulted from strike-slip movement along a northeast-southwest trending fault zone or a northwest-southeast trending fault zone. This is the fourth magnitude 7+ earthquake of 2023. The quake occurred during a Moon-Earth-Sun alignment.

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Info. at: earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/exec... [An event-specific summary is at the bottom of that page.]

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An earthquake is a natural shaking or vibrating of the Earth caused by sudden fault movement and a rapid release of energy. Earthquake activity is called "seismicity". The study of earthquakes is called "seismology". The actual underground location of an earthquake is the hypocenter, or focus. The site at the Earth's surface, directly above the hypocenter, is the epicenter. Minor earthquakes may occur before a major event - such small quakes are called foreshocks. Minor to major quakes after a major event are aftershocks.

Most earthquakes occur at or near tectonic plate boundaries, such as subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, collision zones, and transform plate boundaries. They also occur at hotspots - large subsurface mantle plumes (Examples: Hawaii, Yellowstone, Iceland, Afar).

Earthquakes generate four types of shock waves: P-waves, S-waves, Love waves, and Rayleigh waves. P-waves and S-waves are body waves - they travel through solid rocks. Love waves and Rayleigh waves travel only at the surface - they are surface waves. P-waves are push-pull waves that travel quickly and cause little damage. S-waves are up-and-down waves (like flicking a rope) that travel slowly and cause significant damage. Love waves are side-to-side surface waves, like a slithering snake. Rayleigh waves are rotational surface waves, somewhat like ripples from tossing a pebble into a pond.

Earthquakes are associated with many specific hazards, such as ground shaking, ground rupturing, subsidence (sinking), uplift (rising), tsunamis, landslides, fires, and liquefaction.

Some famous major earthquakes in history include: Shensi, China in 1556; Lisbon, Portugal in 1755; New Madrid, Missouri in 1811-1812; San Francisco, California in 1906; Anchorage, Alaska in 1964; and Loma Prieta, California in 1989.