File:Mangala Fossae, annotated nadir view ESA214643.tiff

English: The Mangala Fossae trough is a system of outflow channels on Mars that bears evidence of lava deposition and catastrophic floods.

The HRSC on board Mars Express obtained images of this region centred at 17° south and 213° east on 21 March 2007. Mangala Fossae is approximately 1000 km long, located south-west of the volcanic region Tharsis, where the highest known volcano in the Solar System, Olympus Mons, is located. The western part of the region is remarkably smooth and exhibits just a few small impact craters, larger craters being absent. Since the crater count relates directly to the age of the region (the more the number of craters, the older the uppermost layer of material), and only few small craters are seen in the area, this indicates that the uppermost surface layer is young and that the basaltic lava was put in place relatively recently (1). The lava flows most likely originated in the Tharsis Region. Sharp edges of the 100-m thick lava blanket are visible in some places (2). The flanks of two 30-km large impact craters were eroded during the floods and were later partially filled by lava (3). This indicates that the craters are older than the channel system and the lava blanket. The upper-left of the image shows a number of funnel-shaped depressions lined up parallel to the slope inclination (4). These features most likely formed when the surface material collapsed into small cavities.

This black and white high-resolution image was derived form the nadir channel which provides the highest level of detail.