File:Cubic graph special points.svg

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English: Graph showing the relationship between the roots, turning or stationary points and inflection point of a cubic polynomial and its first and second derivatives. The vertical scale is compressed 1:50 relative to the horizontal scale for ease of viewing. Thanks to Álvaro Lozano-Robledo for a method to find a cubic function with distinct special points with non-zero integer coordinates.

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Author

Cmglee

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The source code of this SVG is invalid due to an error.

This W3C-invalid diagram was created with Python.

This diagram uses translateable embedded text.

import re, math
def fmt(string): ## string.format(**vars()) using tags {expression!format} by CMG Lee
 def f(tag): i_sep = tag.rfind('!'); return (re.sub('\.0$', '', str(eval(tag[1:-1])))
  if (i_sep < 0) else ('{:%s}' % tag[i_sep + 1:-1]).format(eval(tag[1:i_sep])))
 return (re.sub(r'(?<!{){[^{}]+}', lambda m:f(m.group()), string)
         .replace('{{', '{').replace('}}', '}'))
def append(obj, string): return obj.append(fmt(string))
def tabbify(cellss, separator='|'):
 cellpadss = [list(rows) + [''] * (len(max(cellss, key=len)) - len(rows)) for rows in cellss]
 fmts = ['%%%ds' % (max([len(str(cell)) for cell in cols])) for cols in zip(*cellpadss)]
 return '\n'.join([separator.join(fmts) % tuple(rows) for rows in cellpadss])

def format_sign(x): return ('%+d' % (x)).replace('+', '+ ').replace('-','&#8722; ')
def scale_x(x): return 50 * x
def scale_y(y): return -y
n_search     = 20
cubic_bez_dx = 15
quad_bez_dx  = 15
linear_dx    = 15
fmt_out = '{id}\
|{root0}|{root1}|{root2}|{max_x}|{max_y}|{min_x}|{min_y}|{inf_x}|{inf_y}|{inf_c}|{inf_m}\
|{cubic_b}|{cubic_c}|{cubic_d}|{quad_b}|{quad_c}\
'
double_dash = '-' * 2
outss = []
outs  = []
for i_pass in range(2): ## 0: to find best values, 1: output SVG
 id_best = None
 if (i_pass == 1):
  outss = sorted(outss, key=lambda outs:[max(abs(int(outs[5])), abs(int(outs[7]))),
                                         max(abs(int(outs[1])), abs(int(outs[3])))])
  id_best = int(outss[0][0])
  print(tabbify([fmt_out.replace('{','').replace('}','').split('|')] + outss))
 id = 0
 for   k2 in range(-n_search, n_search + 1):
  for  k1 in range(k2 + 1, n_search + 1):
   for k0 in range(k1 + 1, n_search + 1):
    (root0, root1, root2) = (-k0, -k1, -k2)
    if (root0 == 0 or root0 == root1 or
        root1 == 0 or root1 == root2 or
        root2 == 0 or root2 == root0): continue
    cubic_a   = 1
    cubic_b   = k0 + k1 + k2
    cubic_c   = k0 * k1 + k1 * k2 + k2 * k0
    cubic_d   = k0 * k1 * k2
    quad_a    = cubic_a * 3
    quad_b    = cubic_b * 2
    quad_c    = cubic_c
    linear_a  = quad_a * 2
    linear_b  = quad_b
    if (cubic_a == 0 or quad_a == 0 or linear_a == 0 or
        cubic_b == 0 or quad_b == 0 or linear_b == 0 or
        cubic_c == 0 or quad_c == 0 or
        cubic_d == 0): continue
    sqrt_disc = (4 * (k0 ** 2 + k1 ** 2 + k2 ** 2 - quad_c)) ** 0.5
    if ((quad_b + sqrt_disc) % linear_a != 0 or
        (quad_b - sqrt_disc) % linear_a != 0): continue
    (max_x, min_x) = [(-quad_b + sign * sqrt_disc) / linear_a for sign in (-1,1)]
    quad_bez_x1  = inf_x = (max_x + min_x) / 2
    linear_x0    = inf_x - linear_dx
    linear_x1    = inf_x + linear_dx
    cubic_bez_x0 = inf_x - cubic_bez_dx
    cubic_bez_x3 = inf_x + cubic_bez_dx
    (inf_y, max_y, min_y, cubic_bez_y0, cubic_bez_y3) = [
                    cubic_a * x ** 3 + cubic_b * x ** 2 + cubic_c * x + cubic_d
                    for x in (inf_x, max_x, min_x, cubic_bez_x0, cubic_bez_x3)]
    quad_bez_x0 = inf_x - quad_bez_dx
    quad_bez_x2 = inf_x + quad_bez_dx
    (inf_m, quad_bez_y0, quad_bez_y2, cubic_bez_m0, cubic_bez_m3) = [
                 quad_a * x ** 2 + quad_b * x + quad_c for x in
                 (inf_x, quad_bez_x0, quad_bez_x2, cubic_bez_x0, cubic_bez_x3)]
    inf_c       = inf_y - inf_m * inf_x
    quad_bez_y1 = ((linear_a * quad_bez_x0 + quad_b) * (quad_bez_x1 - quad_bez_x0) + quad_bez_y0)
    cubic_bez_x1 = (3 * inf_x - cubic_bez_dx) // 3 ## not sure how to get this
    cubic_bez_x2 = inf_x + (inf_x - cubic_bez_x1)
    cubic_bez_y1 = cubic_bez_m0 * (cubic_bez_x1 - cubic_bez_x0) + cubic_bez_y0
    cubic_bez_y2 = cubic_bez_m3 * (cubic_bez_x2 - cubic_bez_x3) + cubic_bez_y3
    if (id == id_best):
     path_cubic = fmt('''M {scale_x(cubic_bez_x0)},{scale_y(cubic_bez_y0)} C\
 {scale_x(cubic_bez_x1)},{scale_y(cubic_bez_y1)}\
 {scale_x(cubic_bez_x2)},{scale_y(cubic_bez_y2)}\
 {scale_x(cubic_bez_x3)},{scale_y(cubic_bez_y3)}''')
     path_quad = fmt('''M {scale_x(quad_bez_x0)},{scale_y(quad_bez_y0)} Q\
 {scale_x(quad_bez_x1)},{scale_y(quad_bez_y1)}\
 {scale_x(quad_bez_x2)},{scale_y(quad_bez_y2)}''')
     path_linear = fmt('''M {scale_x(linear_x0)},{scale_y(linear_x0 * linear_a + linear_b)} L\
 {scale_x(linear_x1)},{scale_y(linear_x1 * linear_a + linear_b)}''')
     path_tangent = fmt('''M {scale_x(float(min_y - inf_c) / inf_m)!.0f},{scale_y(min_y)} L\
 {scale_x(float(max_y - inf_c) / inf_m)!.0f},{scale_y(max_y)}''')
     append(outs,'''\
  <use xlink:href="#axes"/>
  <g stroke-width="4">
   <g mask="url(#mask_line)">
    <path class="line_cubic"   d="{path_cubic}"/>
    <path class="line_quad"    d="{path_quad}"   stroke-dasharray="20,5"/>
    <path class="line_linear"  d="{path_linear}" stroke-dasharray="6,4" stroke-width="6"/>
    <path class="line_tangent" d="{path_tangent}" stroke-dasharray="25,5,5,5,5,5"/>
   </g>
   <g class="line_concav">
    <path d="M {scale_x(max_x)},{scale_y(max_y)} V 0
             M {scale_x(min_x)},{scale_y(min_y)} V 0
             M {scale_x(inf_x)},{scale_y(inf_y)} V 500" stroke-dasharray="20,5,5,5"/>
    <path d="M -630 460 Q -630 470 -620 470 H 35 Q 45 470 45 460 M 55 460 Q 55 470 65 470 H 620 Q 630 470 630 460"/>
   </g>
  </g>
  <g stroke-width="8">
   <g class="label_cubic">
    <text class="equation" x="-70" y="-630"><tspan class="var">f</tspan><tspan dx="0.2ex">(</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>) =&#160;</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>&#179; {format_sign(cubic_b)}</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>&#178; {format_sign(cubic_c)}</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>&#160;{format_sign(cubic_d)}</tspan></text>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(root0)},               0)"><use xlink:href="#root"/><text x="0.5ex"  y="2ex">root ({root0})</text></g>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(root1)},               0)"><use xlink:href="#root"/><text x="0.5ex"  y="2ex">root ({root1})</text></g>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(root2)},               0)"><use xlink:href="#root"/><text x="-0.5ex" y="2ex" class="end">root ({root2})</text></g>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(max_x)},{scale_y(max_y)})"><use xlink:href="#tp"  /><text x="-9ex" y="-0.8ex">turning point, stationary point &amp; local maximum ({max_x}, {max_y})</text></g>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(min_x)},{scale_y(min_y)})"><use xlink:href="#tp"  /><text x="5ex" y="2ex" class="end">turning point, stationary point &amp; local minimum ({min_x}, {min_y})</text></g>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(inf_x)},{scale_y(inf_y)})"><use xlink:href="#ip"  /><text y="-1ex">falling inflection point ({inf_x}, {inf_y})</text></g>
    <!-{double_dash}
    <g transform="translate(0             ,{scale_y(cubic_d)})"><use xlink:href="#yi"  /><text x="0.5ex">y-intercept ({cubic_d})</text></g>
    {double_dash}>
   </g>
   <g class="label_quad">
    <text class="equation" x="-530" y="-260"><tspan class="var">f</tspan><tspan dx="0.2ex" class="var">'</tspan><tspan dx="0.2ex">(</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>) = {quad_a}</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>&#178; {format_sign(quad_b)}</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>&#160;{format_sign(quad_c)}</tspan></text>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(max_x)},               0)"><use xlink:href="#root"/><text x="0.5ex"  y="-0.2ex">root ({max_x})</text></g>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(min_x)},               0)"><use xlink:href="#root"/><text x="-0.3ex" y="-0.2ex" class="end">root ({min_x})</text></g>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(inf_x)},{scale_y(inf_m)})"><use xlink:href="#tp"  /><text x="-1ex" y="2ex" class="end"><tspan>turning point, stationary point</tspan><tspan x="-1ex" dy="2ex">&amp; local maximum ({inf_x}, {inf_m})</tspan></text></g>
    <use xlink:href="#tp"   transform="translate({scale_x(inf_x)},{scale_y(inf_m)})"/>
   </g>
   <g class="label_linear">
    <text class="equation" x="-560" y="120"><tspan class="var">f</tspan><tspan dx="0.2ex" class="var">''</tspan><tspan dx="0.2ex">(</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>) = {linear_a}</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>&#160;{format_sign(linear_b)}</tspan></text>
    <g transform="translate({scale_x(inf_x)},               0)"><use xlink:href="#root"/><text x="-0.5ex" y="-0.2ex" class="end">root ({inf_x})</text></g>
   </g>
   <g class="label_concav">
    <text x="-295" y="505"><tspan class="var">f</tspan><tspan dx="0.2ex">(</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>) curve concave (downwards)</tspan></text>
    <text x="345"  y="505"><tspan class="var">f</tspan><tspan dx="0.2ex">(</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>) convex (downwards)</tspan></text>
   </g>
   <g class="label_tangent">
    <g transform="translate(-140,-860)"><text><tspan>tangent at inflection point:</tspan><tspan x="15" dy="2ex" class="var">y</tspan><tspan>&#160;= -147</tspan><tspan class="var">x</tspan><tspan>&#160;+ 433</tspan></text></g>
   </g>
  </g>
''')
    outss.append(fmt(fmt_out).split('|'))
    id += 1

out_p = fmt('width="100%" height="100%" viewBox="-640 -1024 1280 1536"')

## Compile everything into an .svg file
myself   = open(__file__, 'r').read() ## the contents of this very file
file_out = open(__file__[:__file__.rfind('.')] + '.svg', 'w') ## *.* -> *.svg
try: ## use try/finally so that file is closed even if write fails
 file_out.write('''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><!%s
%s%s%s\n%s%s''' % ('-' + '-', ## because SVG comments cannot have 2 consecutive '-'s
  myself[ : myself.find('width',myself.find('<svg'))], ## assume width specified before height/viewBox
  out_p, ## replace SVG width/height/viewBox with {out_p} & dynamic SVG block with {outs} contents
  myself[myself.find('>',myself.find('<svg')) : myself.find('\n',myself.find('BEGIN_'+'DYNAMIC_SVG'))],
  '\n'.join(outs), myself[myself.rfind('\n',0,myself.find('END_'+'DYNAMIC_SVG')) : ]))
finally:
 file_out.close()

## SVG-Python near-polyglot framework version 2 by CMG Lee (Feb 2016) -->

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share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.

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File history

Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.

	Date/Time	Dimensions	User	Comment
current	01:08, 4 February 2024	512 × 614 (17 KB)	Cmglee (talk \| contribs)	Work around leading-or-trailing-nonbreaking-space-ignored rsvg bug: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SVG_help&diff=prev&oldid=1189400853
	00:59, 4 February 2024	512 × 614 (17 KB)	Cmglee (talk \| contribs)	Fix "global minimum" and use minus signs
	06:35, 2 February 2024	512 × 614 (17 KB)	Opencooper (talk \| contribs)	rv: not sure if it's something I changed or changes in the renderer, but the new MediaWiki raster conversion doesn't preserve the non-breaking spaces and uses a spindly font
	06:28, 2 February 2024	512 × 614 (17 KB)	Opencooper (talk \| contribs)	proper Unicode minus sign
	18:18, 19 April 2019	512 × 614 (17 KB)	Cmglee (talk \| contribs)	Use exact cubic and quadratic Bézier curves instead of approximating with polylines, update labels, shrink markers and convert to near-polyglot Python.
	09:44, 26 August 2013	512 × 614 (19 KB)	AnonMoos (talk \| contribs)	remove trivial syntax error, should now validate
	19:30, 3 August 2012	512 × 614 (19 KB)	Cmglee (talk \| contribs)	Add tangent at inflection point.
	12:49, 3 August 2012	512 × 614 (17 KB)	Cmglee (talk \| contribs)	Fix based on comments by Duoduoduo and 188.127.120.236.
	21:18, 27 March 2012	512 × 614 (17 KB)	Cmglee (talk \| contribs)	Align text labels.
	20:59, 25 March 2012	512 × 614 (17 KB)	Cmglee (talk \| contribs)	Refine text labels.

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File usage on Commons

The following 2 pages use this file:

File usage on other wikis

The following other wikis use this file:

Usage on cs.wikipedia.org
- Inflexní bod
Usage on en.wikipedia.org
Usage on fr.wikipedia.org
- Fonction cubique
- Point stationnaire
Usage on ja.wikipedia.org
- 変曲点
Usage on ro.wikipedia.org
- Punct de inflexiune
- Punct staționar
Usage on ta.wikipedia.org
- முப்படியச் சார்பு
Usage on ur.wikipedia.org
- دالہ کے جذر
- سانچہ:Cubic graph special points.svg
Usage on vi.wikipedia.org
- Điểm uốn

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Short title	cubic graph special points
Image title	Graph showing the relationship between the roots, turning or stationary points and inflection point of a cubic polynomial and its first and second derivatives by CMG Lee. The vertical scale is compressed 1:50 relative to the horizontal scale for ease of viewing. Thanks to Álvaro Lozano-Robledo for a method to find a cubic function with special points with integer coordinates.
Width	100%
Height	100%

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