Commons:Schöpfungshöhe/Amerika

From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This page is a translated version of a page Commons:Threshold of originality/Americas and the translation is 100% complete. Changes to the translation template, respectively the source language can be submitted through Commons:Threshold of originality/Americas and have to be approved by a translation administrator.
Other languages:
Schöpfungshöhe
Afrika Amerika Asien Europa Ozeanien Andere

Diese Seite gibt einen Überblick über die Regeln zur Schöpfungshöhe in verschiedenen Ländern oder Territorien Amerikas. Es wird von einzelnen Seitenabschnitten "eingebunden" und enthält die Regeln für jedes Gebiet.

Staaten in Amerika

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua und Barbuda

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Argentina

Argentinien

The creations are subject to a threshold of originality that distinguishes them from others by giving their personal imprint.[1]

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Bahamas

Bahamas

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Barbados

Barbados

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Belize

Belize

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Bolivia

Bolivien

See Andean Community: Threshold of originality

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Brazil

Brasilien

There are some court cases related to threshold of originality in Brazil. According to one study, and the court decisions contained in it, the concept of creativity in Brazil is way more strict and exigent than in the United States, and consequently the threshold of originality is considerably higher than the United States, which is the general reference in Commons.

[2]

Examples:

  • OK. In the case of Boneco de Preço Miúdo (2011), puppets that were a tridimensional and humanized version of a logo were deemed by the court to lack enough originality to be protected. The court considered that there was no originality or unpublished work in the puppets because they represented an already existing symbol (the supermarket's logo), and that there were already previous 3D and humanized versions of that logo. The court did not grant any value nor legal protection to the specific 3D and humanized version of the logo in question, and called it something like a "stylization subordinate to a previous idea".

[3]

  • OK. Copyright for compilations/ reorganizations of already existing elements has often been rejected on court, hinting that the threshold for what constitutes an "intellectual creation" in this respect is quite high in Brazil.

[4]

  • OK. Slogans are generally acceptable. In rare occasions they may be protected, when there is such a level of creativity as to attain the level of a literary work. For example, in the Guerra das Moedas court case (2013), copyright in the expression was not recognized by the court. The verdict stated that the language is the cultural patrimony of the people, so language expressions can't be protected by law. The Rede Globo vs. Ronaldo Ciambroni case was similar.

[5][6]

Some examples help define which photos are, and are not, "artistic creations", and therefore object of protection under the 1973 copyright law:

  • OK. The facade of the Jung Frau building, in Joinville, as well as partial views of the city, when photographed in an obvious simple way, without employment of any special ("diferenciada") technique". The court ruled: "photographs are not considered artistic creations ... that portray in a manifestly simple way, without use of any differentiated technique, the front of a residential building and a partial view of the city, under a service contract with a real estate business with a predefined advertising purpose"

[7]

  • OK. Simple documentary, descriptive photographs in general, such as photographs documenting social reunions: In SC-AC 111630 SC 2002.011163-0 (2006): "mere photographic documentation, without artistic character, does not qualify for copyright ... making it possible to use a copy without mention of the photographer's name, since, according to Brazilian law, only artistic photography (by choice of the object and conditions of execution) is listed among protected works. ... [for example] with documentary photographs of social gatherings, where the author was performing duties for the defendant, a reference to the photographer's name is not required because it is not an artistic work..."

[8]

  • OK. A 2000 ruling stated: "Photographs for identity documents, produced by automatic machines, are not artistic works. ... Neither should purely technical photographs, which reproduce a certain object without the slightest artistic concern, be protected by copyright."

[9]

  •  Nicht OK Another 2000 decision stated: "the photos [...] have an artistic character characterized by the originality, creativity and technique of its author, elements that reveal ... a work of art. They are not, as the appellant claims, mere reproductions of images for advertising purposes, or common snapshots."

[10]

Puppets who were a tridimensional and humanized version of this logo were deemed in court to lack enough originality to be protected.

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Chile

Chile

Registration in the Intellectual Property Registry generates a "presumption" of copyright in favor of the registrant. Any work may be registered for "presumed" copyright, but Law No. 17.336 clearly states the "presumed" copyright may be contested. That is because, as established in "Astorga Sánchez José / Inversiones C. S. A.", C-2470-2009, 17.° Juzgado Civil de Santiago (28 October 2011), the Intellectual Property Conservator (Conservador) only makes the deposit of the documents into the registry, does not make an examination of their originality, or to determine whether the deposited documents are works or not, and so certificates of intellectual property generated by the Intellectual Property Registry do not establish that a work is new, original or viceversa. The Conservator of Intellectual Property expressed in 2011 it is up to the judicial system "to carry out an originality test to define whether the creation is indeed a particular manifestation of human ingenuity that can be classified as original compared to other equivalent creations, analyzed from a subjective perspective, that is, that the imprint or trace of the author can be perceived, that allows it to stand out from others". Such pronouncement was adhered to by the 17th civil judge of Santiago.[11]

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Costa Rica

Costa Rica

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Dominica

Dominica

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Dominican Republic

Dominikanische Republik

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Ecuador

Ecuador

See Andean Community: Threshold of originality

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO El Salvador

El Salvador

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Grenada

Grenada

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Guatemala

Guatemala

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Guyana

Guyana

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Haiti

Haiti

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Honduras

Honduras

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Jamaica

Jamaika

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Canada

Kanada

Unlike other common law countries, Canada's threshold of originality veers closer to that of the United States. CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada explicitly rejected the "sweat of the brow" doctrine for being too low of a standard, but at the same time, stated that the creativity standards for originality were too high:

A creativity standard implies that something must be novel or non-obvious — concepts more properly associated with patent law than copyright law. And for these reasons, I conclude that an “original” work under the Copyright Act is one that originates from an author and is not copied from another work. That alone, however, is not sufficient to find that something is original. In addition, an original work must be the product of an author’s exercise of skill and judgment. The exercise of skill and judgment required to produce the work must not be so trivial that it could be characterized as a purely mechanical exercise."

The same case also stated:

For a work to be “original” within the meaning of the Copyright Act, it must be more than a mere copy of another work. At the same time, it need not be creative, in the sense of being novel or unique. What is required to attract copyright protection in the expression of an idea is an exercise of skill and judgment. By skill, I mean the use of one’s knowledge, developed aptitude or practised ability in producing the work. By judgment, I mean the use of one’s capacity for discernment or ability to form an opinion or evaluation by comparing different possible options in producing the work. This exercise of skill and judgment will necessarily involve intellectual effort.

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Colombia

Kolumbien

See Andean Community: Threshold of originality

The threshold of originality is subject to the personal stamp that the author puts on their work.[12]

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Cuba

Kuba

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Mexico

Mexiko

As indicated above, the following are examples of what is and what is not protected under the 1996 copyright law:

These images are OK to upload to Commons
  • Letters, digits or isolated colors
    Letters, digits or isolated colors
  • Names and titles or isolated phrases
    Names and titles or isolated phrases
  • Simple formats or blank forms to be filled with any type of information, as well as their instructions (example picture)
    Simple formats or blank forms to be filled with any type of information, as well as their instructions (example picture)
  • Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of shields, flags or emblems of any country, state, municipality or equivalent political division
    Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of shields, flags or emblems of any country, state, municipality or equivalent political division
  • Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of international governmental, non-governmental organizations, or of any other officially recognized organization
    Reproductions or imitations, without authorization, of international governmental, non-governmental organizations, or of any other officially recognized organization
These are  Nicht OK to upload to Commons (unless published under a free license by the copyright holder), because they are above the threshold of originality required for copyright protection and are not covered by the law itself.

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Nicaragua

Nicaragua

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Panama

Panama

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Paraguay

Paraguay

Keine Information verfügbar

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Peru

Peru

Indecopi established parameters to qualify the originality of graphic and photographic compositions. Because of the higher originality threshold (independent of its endeavour, novelty, inspiration and technique, the requirement is to leave some space for the development of its author's personality, not a copy or imitation, referred as "originalidad subjetiva"),[13] simple designs, non-production videographic creations and old photographs without demonstrating their individuality can be uploaded to Commons. See also Andean Community: Threshold of originality.

Simple photographs

Old published photographs have a copyright term of 20 years counted from the first of January of the year following that of the disclosing of the photograph before 1976. The notes shown are based on the rescinded 1961 law:

  • For old pictures taken prior to 31 December 1975 and which were not published within an author's own work  fail to meet the general definition of a "work" under 1961 law (and Article 3.4 of Universal Copyright Convention: "The provisions […] not apply to photographic works […] shall not be less than ten years").[14] The duration of the photograph was for 20 years after performed its first copy, without the author presenting this in a literary, scientific or documentary work, from January 1 of the following year.[13714/1961 Art. 27] They were not renewed during the URAA date.[13714/1961 Art. 27 and 57] Use {{PD-Peru-photo}}.
  • The duration is reduced if the following occurs: when the author did not place the name of the label with the message "Reproduction prohibited" or that the author published in a work without a full name or under an unknown pseudonym.[13714/1961 Art. 58] The duration of anonymous works prior to 31 December 1980 was 15 years after publication and expired on 1 January 1996. They were not renewed during the URAA date. Use {{PD-Peru-anonymous}}.
  • If they were used in literary or scientific works, they were documentary works or are reproductions of artistic material "of private domain", and the author died before 1946 (of before 1966 if someone had no family heirs), the law considers the photographs as the author's work (life + 30/50 years).[14] In the case of collective works, the date is considered to be the last survivor. If they died after 1947, they are protected by the current law. Use {{PD-Peru-1961law}}.

Recent published photographs below threshold have a copyright term of 70 years counted from the first of January of the year following that of the taking of the photograph. Fortunately, this term usually flexible in the cases and facts shown below:

  • The general definition of a "work" in the 1996 law is "any personal and original intellectual creation capable of being disclosed or reproduced in any form that is or may yet become known".[822/1996 Art.2(17)] Simple photographs taken or disclosed since 1976 are those which  fail to meet the general definition of a "work" and only receive neighbouring rights,[822/1996 Art.144] but works above this threshold will receive standard protection (life + 70 years, see below).
  • The Court of Indecopi believes that originality in a photograph should be limited to the originality of any work, requirements to protect against plagiarism. According to article 3.c of the Regulation of Inscriptions in the Registry National Copyright Act, provides that "no may be subject to registration the photographs that are limited to simple reproductions of people, of things, or of objects already existing or showing a mere documentary character [...] photography to be a work can not constitute only a simple reproduction of already existing objects".[15]
  • Derecho PUCP journal explains examples of highly distinguishable events that surpass the threshold of originality: creative use of lights, unique moment, transmission of a message in their work and the photographer's personality. Below these and other criteria, simple photographs are legislated under Legislative Decree 1044 on unfair competition.[16]

Examples for photographs under 1961 law:

  • Photography within an advertisement not considered "literary work". Image protection expired in 1988. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See UR.
    Photography within an advertisement not considered "literary work". Image protection expired in 1988. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See UR.
  • Photography taken in 1973 for a sports magazine. Because this is a journalistic assignment for an organization, the photograph remained protected for 20 years until its expiration in 1993. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See DR.
    Photography taken in 1973 for a sports magazine. Because this is a journalistic assignment for an organization, the photograph remained protected for 20 years until its expiration in 1993. It also can't be protected in the 1996 law. See DR.

Examples for photographs under 1996 law:

  • In 2002 the Court considered two images of household appliances as below of threshold of originality due to the lack of creative evidence, despite they are in a catalog with individuality. See Resolution No 354-2002/TPI-INDECOPI.[17]
  • Also, in 2002 the Court ruled that a magazine photograph of Skándalo boy band in ordinary dress and solid-colored background receives related rights-only because it lacks individuality. See Resolution No 378-2002/TPI-INDECOPI, Alomi Producciones S.A.C. v Karinto S.A p.13.[15]
  • In 2007 the Court justified a photograph of gift box for a web catalog as original work because of its shade selection and during the editing process it carried meticulous details, specifically the colored shade artificially created. See Resolution No 1263-2007/TPI-INDECOPI, Enrique Capella v Grupo Americano de Comercio S.A.C. and Citybank del Perú S.A p.4.[18]
  • In 2008 the court determined that press snapshots of sporting, political or weather events lack originality for lack of prior preparation in their production. See Resolution No 2521-2008/TPI-Indecopi, Agencia Efe S.A. v Las Rosas Editorial S.A.C.
  • In 2012 the Court concluded that non-artistic techniques of photographs are not protectable (for example, scanning). See Resolution No 059-2012/TPI-Indecopi and Indecopi (2015), p.75.[19]
  • In 2013 Indecopi deduced that a promotional photograph of a model wearing clothes of a textile company does bear originality due to the framing, focus and composition to highlight her outfit. See Resolution No 0384-2013/CDA-INDECOPI, Peruvian Connection Ltd. v SENATI p. 9 and 10.[20]
  • In 2021 the criteria for originality of photographs were simplified to three points: transmittable, framed and lighting that shows their personality. Between pages 77 and 82 of this resolution the court evident that press photographs from Hildebrandt en sus trece magazine do carry originality because they focus on the gestures of the photographed and the depth of the camera. See Resolution No 0096-2021/TPI-INDECOPI, Plutón Editores S.A.C. v DP Comunicaciones S.A.C..
Videographic process

There is threshold of originality for audiovisual creations but their protection is similar for both works and recordings (publish/create + 70 years). While cinematographic works ("obra audiovisual") are protected in their entirety, the related rights can only be granted to the producer of non-artistic filming ("grabación audiovisual"),[822/1996 Art. 140] which also include performance and broadcasting.[822/1996 Art. 143] Resolution 000111-1999-ODA-INDECOPI establishes differences between the two terms, in particular, and in a similar way to simple photographs, the fixation of the succession of images. But, Resolution 371-2001/TPI-INDECOPI establishes that the main requirement to receive related rights from the producer of non-artistic filming consists of: "present in their creation process a certain degree of creativity, technical or organizational skill sufficient to justify the recognition of a similar right in their favor" (p.e. Pay-per-View events).

Theoretically, a security camera captures in a public place could  lack of their producer (as a public asset is mainly assumed to Peruvian State) to be in the public domain. Security camera footage from Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Ciudadana is provided anonymously to the Peruvian National Police or Public Prosecutor's Office like state cameras in public areas, there is no knowed evidence from the original producer of the material.[N° 007-2020-IN Art. 18] Opinión Consultiva 60-2019-JUS/DGTAIPD indicates that footage records are disclosure if these are for public interest and share in open data process (see also Works by the Peruvian Government ),[N° 007-2020-IN Art.22] the places filmed correspond to "places of public domain",[N° 007-2020-IN Art. 7] human monitoring exists but does not interfere with the surveillance camera's technical or creative ability for recording.[N° 007-2020-IN Art. 2] Also it isn't artistic work since its custody cannot be altered from the original,[N° 007-2020-IN Art. 19] as a result, the footage is below the threshold of originality and don't comply with related rights of article 143 of the 1996 law.[21][22] Moral rights prevail of the person involved in this media. For these footage in official works, use {{PD-PE-exempt}}.

Logos, Designs und andere Werke

Simple or ordinary logos and designs are OK to upload to Commons, because they are below the threshold of originality required for copyright protection. In words of Indecopi and Ministry of Justice and quoting Resolutions No. 1349-2001/TPI-INDECOPI (first paragraph) and 0286-1998/TPI-INDECOPI (second paragraph):

“ According to Article 3 of Decision 351 [of the Andean Decision], in accordance with Article 2 of Legislative Decree No. 822, a work is understood to be any original intellectual creation of an artistic, scientific or literary nature, susceptible of being disclosed or reproduced in any form.[...] Whatever already part of the cultural heritage -artistic, scientific or literary- will not be considered [original creation], nor will [original] the form of expression that derives from the nature of things or from mechanical-only application of the provisions of certain legal norms, nor will [original] the form of expression that is reduced to a simple technique or simple instructions that only require manual skill for this execution. ”

—Indecopi, La originalidad como requisito de protección por derechos de autor ("requisito de la originalidad"), Precedentes y normativa del Indecopi en Propiedad Intelectual (2015)[19]

In 18th paragraph in Casación Número: 1686-2011 explains the use of originality with architectural works satisfying utilitarian functions:

“ The originality of the architectural work [...] must be sought essentially in the creative features that are most distinguishable from the purposes of the model, its nature, its geographic and landscape context, and the functional requirements of the costumer, as well as the technical and urban planning standards applicable to the case; and respond rather, in a particular way or as totality, to the individuality or artistic personality of the author. [An] architectural model [...] must be subjected to analysis for the purpose of identifying whether they respond only to elements of functionality or natural characteristics of the species to which they belong or, on the contrary, contain features that correspond to the whim or personality that the author has wanted to attribute to them, beyond their functionality or technical rigor, resulting in giving individuality to the work, in relation to the rest of the constructions of its species. ”
  • Telefónica v Deutsche Telekom (Resolución N° 1127-1998/TPI-INDECOPI)[19]: "It's not possible to grant a monopoly on this letter in favour of a single holder".
    Telefónica v Deutsche Telekom (Resolución N° 1127-1998/TPI-INDECOPI)[19]: "It's not possible to grant a monopoly on this letter in favour of a single holder".
  • Agrotrade S.R.LTDA. v Infutecsa E.I.R.L. (Resolución Nº 0286-1998/TPI-INDECOPI)[19]: "When it is certain that a creation lacks individuality and has been copied verbatim, it does not make it a work".
    Agrotrade S.R.LTDA. v Infutecsa E.I.R.L. (Resolución Nº 0286-1998/TPI-INDECOPI)[19]: "When it is certain that a creation lacks individuality and has been copied verbatim, it does not make it a work".
  • Resolución Nº 1370-2011/TPI-INDECOPI: "Although it is not a common typeface and may eventually show some differences with respect to the classic graph, this is not sufficient to consider that the work is protected by copyright".
    Resolución Nº 1370-2011/TPI-INDECOPI: "Although it is not a common typeface and may eventually show some differences with respect to the classic graph, this is not sufficient to consider that the work is protected by copyright".
  • Resolución Nº 0366-2011-TPI-INDECOPI: "The title of the poster consists of a sentence without creativity and directly informs and announces the content of the event".
    Resolución Nº 0366-2011-TPI-INDECOPI: "The title of the poster consists of a sentence without creativity and directly informs and announces the content of the event".
  • Corporación Oro Verde S.A.C. v Industrias Alimenticias Cusco S.A. (Resolución Nº 008-2008/CDA-INDECOPI): "The borders with Inca motifs and the typeface used to represent the word "CUSCO" do not meet the requirement of originality sufficient to be considered an artistic work".
    Corporación Oro Verde S.A.C. v Industrias Alimenticias Cusco S.A. (Resolución Nº 008-2008/CDA-INDECOPI): "The borders with Inca motifs and the typeface used to represent the word "CUSCO" do not meet the requirement of originality sufficient to be considered an artistic work".
  • Carga Máxima v Del Barrio and Compañía Peruana de Radiodifusión (Resolución Nº 0209-2019/CDA-INDECOPI): the court determined that the "squeaky font style" from Chicha posters for this logo is not original due to its common usage.
    Carga Máxima v Del Barrio and Compañía Peruana de Radiodifusión (Resolución Nº 0209-2019/CDA-INDECOPI): the court determined that the "squeaky font style" from Chicha posters for this logo is not original due to its common usage.
  • Resolución N° 0546-2005/TPI-INDECOPI: In the "drawing", they bear the texts and the crown of the Statue of Liberty, which lack individuality.
    Resolución N° 0546-2005/TPI-INDECOPI: In the "drawing", they bear the texts and the crown of the Statue of Liberty, which lack individuality.
  • Resolución N° 0698-2014/TPI-INDECOPI: "The fact that [...] the exclamation mark is written in an irregular form and that each letter or sign has a different color, [does not] determine that such characteristics endow the design applied for registration with the features of originality required by the norm to provide it with protection as a work".
    Resolución N° 0698-2014/TPI-INDECOPI: "The fact that [...] the exclamation mark is written in an irregular form and that each letter or sign has a different color, [does not] determine that such characteristics endow the design applied for registration with the features of originality required by the norm to provide it with protection as a work".
  • Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI: "The Court notes that there are no original elements, since they are figures that do not present any particularity, which have been reproduced in the usual manner, without any element having been included".
    Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI: "The Court notes that there are no original elements, since they are figures that do not present any particularity, which have been reproduced in the usual manner, without any element having been included".
  • Resolución Nº 1192-2017/TPI-INDECOPI (see Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI).
    Resolución Nº 1192-2017/TPI-INDECOPI (see Resolución Nº 1194-2017/TPI-INDECOPI).
  • Resolución N° 4301-2015/TPI-INDECOPI: "These are ornamental elements that lack originality, since the same or similar ones are being used by different people and companies to identify".
    Resolución N° 4301-2015/TPI-INDECOPI: "These are ornamental elements that lack originality, since the same or similar ones are being used by different people and companies to identify".
  • Empresas Luc-Chetti S.A. v Molinoitalia S.A. y Pragma DePublicidad S.A. (Resolución Nº 074-2000/TPI-INDECOPI): "[...] although musical works comprise melody, harmony and rhythm; exclusive rights to the melody can only be acquired".[23]
    Empresas Luc-Chetti S.A. v Molinoitalia S.A. y Pragma DePublicidad S.A. (Resolución Nº 074-2000/TPI-INDECOPI): "[...] although musical works comprise melody, harmony and rhythm; exclusive rights to the melody can only be acquired".[23]
  • Resolución Nº 211-94-DA-INDECOPI: "la protección [...] no abarca la ordenación alfabética de usuarios que contiene [la guía telefónica]"
    Resolución Nº 211-94-DA-INDECOPI: "la protección [...] no abarca la ordenación alfabética de usuarios que contiene [la guía telefónica]"
  • Far from fiction, Duff is an element that individually lacks the protection of a work of art. Subsequently, Fox managed to obtain identification characteristics to be registered as beer trademark (Resolución Nº 1508-2009/TPI-INDECOPI).[24]
    Far from fiction, Duff is an element that individually lacks the protection of a work of art. Subsequently, Fox managed to obtain identification characteristics to be registered as beer trademark (Resolución Nº 1508-2009/TPI-INDECOPI).[24]
  • Resolución N° 2418-2009/TPI-INDECOPI: While the angle of the handle to the horizontal line or the depth of the concave part of the teaspoon [is slightly different] from the standard shape [...] the object is not an original work, due to the common form of others teaspoons.[25]
    Resolución N° 2418-2009/TPI-INDECOPI: While the angle of the handle to the horizontal line or the depth of the concave part of the teaspoon [is slightly different] from the standard shape [...] the object is not an original work, due to the common form of others teaspoons.[25]
  • Resolución N° 0184-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: The miniature representation of Machu Picchu in plastic material cannot be granted as an original work, because its registration would prohibit people create other miniature versions of the citadel.[25]
    Resolución N° 0184-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: The miniature representation of Machu Picchu in plastic material cannot be granted as an original work, because its registration would prohibit people create other miniature versions of the citadel.[25]
  • Resolución Nº 1645-2007/TPI-INDECOPI: "The elaboration of a [portable stage] (similar to this image) may have meant an intellectual effort on the part of its creator, but it does not have enough characteristics to be considered a work of [3D] art, since it consists of a simple arrangement of removable panels in the form of a screen".
    Resolución Nº 1645-2007/TPI-INDECOPI: "The elaboration of a [portable stage] (similar to this image) may have meant an intellectual effort on the part of its creator, but it does not have enough characteristics to be considered a work of [3D] art, since it consists of a simple arrangement of removable panels in the form of a screen".
  • Resolución Nº 0148-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: "However, the Court considers that allowing protection to a design composed exclusively of figures or designs in the public domain, such as the Inca chakana, would mean for no other person to be able to use such designs belonging to the common cultural heritage".
    Resolución Nº 0148-2008/TPI-INDECOPI: "However, the Court considers that allowing protection to a design composed exclusively of figures or designs in the public domain, such as the Inca chakana, would mean for no other person to be able to use such designs belonging to the common cultural heritage".
  • Resolución Nº 0083-2011/DDA-INDECOPI does not consider protection to use of Tumi with common text.
    Resolución Nº 0083-2011/DDA-INDECOPI does not consider protection to use of Tumi with common text.
  • A newsline that is not subject to copyright protection but the image, also not considered a work of authorship, is subject to related protection for 70 years post-creation.
    A newsline that is not subject to copyright protection but the image, also not considered a work of authorship, is subject to related protection for 70 years post-creation.
  • Resolución N° 0082-2023/TPI-INDECOPI: "The additional elements that appear on the images (e.g. rectangles containing phrases or expressions) also do not present particular features that denote a minimum of originality, so they cannot be protected by copyright"
    Resolución N° 0082-2023/TPI-INDECOPI: "The additional elements that appear on the images (e.g. rectangles containing phrases or expressions) also do not present particular features that denote a minimum of originality, so they cannot be protected by copyright"

Note: Some creations are above the threshold of originality and  are not valid for upload to Commons:

  • Logo of Tres Olivas: a leaf with three olives with tonalities, use of brightness and sensation of movement. See Resolution No 1774-2012/TPI-INDECOPI, Olivos del Sur S.A.C. vs Antonio Moncayo Cortés.[26]
  • Emblema La Primera. See Resolution No 2361-2016/TPI-INDECOPI.
  • A fictional character in Superman: Krisis of the Krimson Kryptonite. See Resolution No 1164-2014/TPI-INDECOPI.
  • A logo with a people with torch to the letter E, above the letter T. Triunfo Empresarial. See Resolution No 0319-2018/TPI-INDECOPI.
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Saint Kitts and Nevis

St. Kitts und Nevis

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Saint Lucia

St. Lucia

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

St. Vincent und die Grenadinen

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Suriname

Suriname

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad und Tobago

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Uruguay

Uruguay

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Venezuela

Venezuela

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO United States

Vereinigte Staaten

Diese Bilder sind OK, um sie auf Commons hochzuladen, da sie unter der für den Urheberrechtsschutz erforderlichen Schöpfungshöhe liegen.
  • Bridgeman v Corel 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999): Gerichtsurteil, dass 2D-Fotogrgrafien der Originalkunst keine gültigen Ansprüche auf neue Urheberrechte haben (Fallbeschreibung)
    Bridgeman v Corel 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999): Gerichtsurteil, dass 2D-Fotogrgrafien der Originalkunst keine gültigen Ansprüche auf neue Urheberrechte haben (Fallbeschreibung)
  • Die NFL hat ihre Urheberrechtsansprüche auf die Fleur-de-Lis aufgegeben (news report)
    Die NFL hat ihre Urheberrechtsansprüche auf die Fleur-de-Lis aufgegeben (news report)
  • Best Western Hotels: Besteht aus Buchstaben und einer einfachen Umrandung. Keines dieser Logos kann in den Vereinigten Staaten urheberrechtlich geschützt werden. (Quelle)
    Best Western Hotels: Besteht aus Buchstaben und einer einfachen Umrandung. Keines dieser Logos kann in den Vereinigten Staaten urheberrechtlich geschützt werden. (Quelle)
  • Zeitschrift DUB: Besteht nur aus Buchstaben. Keines dieser Werke ist in den Vereinigten Staaten urheberrechtlich schützbar. (Quelle)
    Zeitschrift DUB: Besteht nur aus Buchstaben. Keines dieser Werke ist in den Vereinigten Staaten urheberrechtlich schützbar. (Quelle)
  • Nikken USA Inc. (Quelle)
    Nikken USA Inc. (Quelle)
  • Bruce Lee core symbol (Quelle)
    Bruce Lee core symbol (Quelle)
  • Logo der New York Arrows (case report)
    Logo der New York Arrows (case report)
  • Logo von Car Credit City: Das Urheberrechtsamt entschied, dass dieses Logo zu einfach sei, um geschützt zu werden, aber eine etwas kompliziertere Version (wie in dem verlinkten Schreiben gezeigt) wurde zur Eintragung akzeptiert (Quelle)
    Logo von Car Credit City: Das Urheberrechtsamt entschied, dass dieses Logo zu einfach sei, um geschützt zu werden, aber eine etwas kompliziertere Version (wie in dem verlinkten Schreiben gezeigt) wurde zur Eintragung akzeptiert (Quelle)
  • Symbole für „Myst“ (Quelle)
    Symbole für „Myst“ (Quelle)
  • Buchstabe S (Quelle)
    Buchstabe S (Quelle)
  • (authority)
    (authority)
  • Die Registrierung wurde gelöscht (Quelle)
    Die Registrierung wurde gelöscht (Quelle)
  • Registrierung abgelehnt (Behörde)
    Registrierung abgelehnt (Behörde)
  • Ets-Hokin v Skyy Spirits Inc.: Das Foto kann urheberrechtlich geschützt sein, nicht aber die Flasche
    Ets-Hokin v Skyy Spirits Inc.: Das Foto kann urheberrechtlich geschützt sein, nicht aber die Flasche
  • Einer Plastikversion fehlte es an Originalität (L Batlin & Son v. Snyder)
    Einer Plastikversion fehlte es an Originalität (L Batlin & Son v. Snyder)
  • Koosh-Bälle; „untrennbar“, OddzOn Products, Inc. v. Oman (Fallbeschreibung)
    Koosh-Bälle; „untrennbar“, OddzOn Products, Inc. v. Oman (Fallbeschreibung)
  • Karte von Arkansas: Hinzufügen von Schattierungen, Farben und Beschriftungen zu einer kostenlosen schwarz-weißen Übersichtskarte (Fallbeschreibung)
    Karte von Arkansas: Hinzufügen von Schattierungen, Farben und Beschriftungen zu einer kostenlosen schwarz-weißen Übersichtskarte (Fallbeschreibung)
  • Avenue of the Saints-Logo; Ablehnung der Eintragung trotz des Anspruchs auf ein Kompilationsurheberrecht für die Anordnung von ansonsten nicht schutzfähigen Elementen (Quelle)
    Avenue of the Saints-Logo; Ablehnung der Eintragung trotz des Anspruchs auf ein Kompilationsurheberrecht für die Anordnung von ansonsten nicht schutzfähigen Elementen (Quelle)
  • Geek-Squad-Logo (Quelle)
    Geek-Squad-Logo (Quelle)
  • Subway-Logo (Quelle)
    Subway-Logo (Quelle)
  • Discover It-Logo: das Copyright Office befand, dass die Elemente, einschließlich des Schattierungseffekts, nicht ausreichend kreativ waren, um urheberrechtlich geschützt zu sein (Quelle)
    Discover It-Logo: das Copyright Office befand, dass die Elemente, einschließlich des Schattierungseffekts, nicht ausreichend kreativ waren, um urheberrechtlich geschützt zu sein (Quelle)
  • Cyberpunk 2077-Logo (Quelle)
    Cyberpunk 2077-Logo (Quelle)
  • Los Angeles FC-Logo (Quelle)
    Los Angeles FC-Logo (Quelle)
  • Nikon-Logo (Quelle)
    Nikon-Logo (Quelle)
  • San Francisco Shock-Logo (Quelle)
    San Francisco Shock-Logo (Quelle)
  • Commvault Systems hexagon-Logo (Quelle)
    Commvault Systems hexagon-Logo (Quelle)
  • American Made-Logo (Quelle)
    American Made-Logo (Quelle)
  • Jamba Juice-Logo (Quelle)
    Jamba Juice-Logo (Quelle)
  • „Art“ von On Kawara
    „Art“ von On Kawara
  • Buch von On Kawara, das nur aus Daten besteht.
    Buch von On Kawara, das nur aus Daten besteht.

Trotz wiederholter Anfragen befand das US Copyright Office das die Vodafone-Bildmarke (schattierte Version) nicht urheberrechtlich schutzfähig ist. Es kann jedoch nicht auf Commons hochgeladen werden, da es sich um ein britisches Logo handelt.

Diese sind  Not OK zum Hochladen auf Commons (es sei denn, sie werden unter einer freien Lizenz des Urheberrechtsinhabers veröffentlicht), da sie über der für den Urheberrechtsschutz erforderlichen Schöpfungshöhe liegen.

Gemälde

 Not OK für die meisten Gemälde.

Selbst scheinbar einfache Gemälde, die aus geometrischen Formen bestehen, sind aufgrund von Details, die für den Betrachter nicht sofort ersichtlich sind, oft urheberrechtlich geschützt.

  • Fotografische Reproduktionen von Gemälden von Mark Rothko wurden vom US-Urheberrechtsamt registriert, so dass man davon ausgehen kann, dass auch die Originalwerke urheberrechtlich geschützt sind.
Andere

Obwohl die Schwelle der Originalität für nichtgrafische Werke (wie Architektur und Tonaufnahmen) denselben Standards folgt, kann es in solchen Fällen schwierig sein, sie zu bestimmen.

  • Die fünfstimmige Melodie, die typischerweise das Intel-Logo begleitet, wurde urheberrechtlich geschützt, weil sie „synthetische, digitale Klänge kombiniert und vermischt“ und „mit einem speziellen räumlichen Verstärker verfeinert und gemeistert“ wurde.[29]
  • Anish Kapoors Cloud Gate ist eine relativ einfache 3D-Skulptur, die als urheberrechtsfähig eingestuft wurde (VA0001983425)
  • Die im New York-New York Hotel and Casino aufgestellte Nachbildung der gemeinfreien Freiheitsstatue wird als urheberrechtsfähig eingestuft, und der Postdienst der Vereinigten Staaten wird wegen Urheberrechtsverletzung verklagt, weil er berühmt (und fälschlicherweise) diese Statue anstelle der echten Freiheitsstatue auf seinen Briefmarken verwendet. (VAu001149387 und VA0001882070) siehe auch (DR1) (DR2)

Weitere Gebiete

Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO United States Virgin Islands

Amerikanische Jungferninseln

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Anguilla

Anguilla

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Aruba

Aruba

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Bermuda

Bermuda

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO British Virgin Islands

Britische Jungferninseln

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Cayman Islands

Cayman Islands

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Curaçao

Curaçao

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Falkland Islands

Falklandinseln

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO French Guiana

Französisch-Guayana

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Greenland

Grönland

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Martinique

Martinique

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Montserrat

Montserrat

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Dutch Caribbean

niederländische Überseegebiete in der Karibik

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Saint Barthélemy

Saint-Barthélemy

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Saint-Martin (France)

Saint-Martin

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Saint-Pierre and Miquelon

Saint-Pierre und Miquelon

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Sint Maarten

Sint Maarten

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Südgeorgien und die Südlichen Sandwichinseln

Keine Information verfügbar
Text eingebunden aus
COM:TOO Turks and Caicos Islands

Turks- und Caicosinseln

Keine Information verfügbar
Some citation text may not have been transcluded
  1. ↑ Cerlalc (25 July 2007). La obra. Originalidad. Marco conceptual Existencia del derecho (in Spanish). Retrieved on 2021-10-22.
  2. ↑ Denis Borges Barbosa (dezembro de 2012). Como o requisito autoral de originalidade vai se radicando nos precedentes judiciais (in Portuguese). Retrieved on 2019-03-12.
  3. ↑ Página 417 da Judicial - 1ª Instância - Capital do Diário de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo (DJSP) de 26 de Julho de 2011 (in Portuguese). Retrieved on 2019-03-12.
  4. ↑ STJ AI 604.956 - MG (2004/0059338-6), Ministro Carlos Alberto Menezes Direito, 30 de setembro de 2004; also PROCESSO TRT/SP Nº 0001174-81.2012.5.02.0086 (2016).
  5. ↑ Guerra das Moedas court case.
  6. ↑ Quarta Turma não reconhece violação de direito autoral em título de novela da Globo (in Portuguese) (18 May 2017). Retrieved on 2019-03-12.
  7. ↑ Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina TJ-SC - Apelacao Civel : AC 111630 SC 2002.011163-0 (in Portuguese). "não se considera criação artística as fotografias tiradas por profissional do ramo que retratam de forma manifestamente singela, sem o emprego de qualquer técnica diferenciada, o frontispício de um edifício residencial e a vista parcial da cidade, em observância a contrato de prestação de serviços entabulado com empresa do ramo imobiliário e com destino publicitário previamente ajustado entre as partes"
  8. ↑ Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina TJ-SC - Apelacao Civel : AC 111630 SC 2002.011163-0 (in Portuguese). Retrieved on 2019-03-11. "mera documentação fotográfica, sem caráter artístico, afasta a incidência do direito de autor, "... tornando possível o uso de terceiro sem menção do nome do fotógrafo, pois, conforme lei brasileira, somente a fotografia artística (pela escolha do objeto e condiçõe de execução) se inscreve dentre as obras protegidas." (...) [segue exemplo ilustrativo] fotografias documentárias de reuniões sociais - Autor que na época estava do desempenho de funções junto ao réu - Inexigível a referência ao nome do fotógrafo por não se tratar de trabalho artístico - Falta de originalidade, criatividade, valor estético ou de furo de documentação"
  9. ↑ Tribunal de Justiça do Paraná TJ-PR - Apelação Cível : AC 946589 PR Apelação Cível - 0094658-9 (in Portuguese) (2000). Retrieved on 2019-03-12. "As fotografias destinadas a documentos de identidade, produzidas por máquinas automáticas, não são obras artísticas. (...) Também não devem alcançar a proteção do direito de autor as fotografias meramente técnicas, em que se procura uma reprodução tal qual de certo objetivo, sem a menor preocupação artística."
  10. ↑ Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais TJ-MG : 2933464 MG 2.0000.00.293346-4/000(1) (in Portuguese). Retrieved on 2019-03-12. "as fotos [...] denotam caráter artístico, caracterizando-se pela originalidade, criatividade e técnica da sua autora, elementos que dela não se podem excluir como reveladores, a princípio, de uma obra de arte. Não são elas, como pretende o apelante, meras constatações ou reproduções de imagens para fins publicitários, ou instantâneos comuns"
  11. ↑ Sentencia nº C-2470-2009, de 17º Juzgado Civil de Santiago, 28 de Octubre de 2011
  12. ↑ ¿En Colombia los tweets están protegidos por el Derecho de Autor?. Derecho de Autor Colombia (2016). Retrieved on 2021-09-23.
  13. ↑ Enrique, Cavero Safra (july 2015). "El concepto de originalidad en el derecho de autor peruano". Forsetti (5): 113-127. ISSN 2312-3583. Retrieved on 2021-08-20.
  14. ↑ a b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Law1961
  15. ↑ a b Indecopi (24 April 2002). Fotografía: Alcance de la protección (in Spanish). Retrieved on 2020-12-25.
  16. ↑ Chávez Gutierrez, Wendy Elizabeth (september 2014). "The absence of criteria in the peruvian legal system regarding the concept of «authenticity» applied to copyright law protection on photographic images". Derecho PUCP (73): 587-623. ISSN 0251-3420. Retrieved on 2021-08-20.
  17. ↑ Indecopi (17 April 2002). Fotografías no creativas. Protección "sui generis" (in Spanish). Retrieved on 2021-10-22.
  18. ↑ Indecopi (3 July 2007). Fotografía: Originalidad (in Spanish). Retrieved on 2021-09-26.
  19. ↑ a b c d Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Indecopi2015
  20. ↑ Indecopi (4 June 2013). Resolution No 0384-2013/CDA-INDECOPI: Infraction in reuse of Peruvian Connection Spring 2010 photos (in Spanish). Retrieved on 2021-09-12.
  21. ↑ Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento del Decreto Legislativo N° 1218, Decreto Legislativo que regula el uso de las cámaras de videovigilancia y de la Ley N° 30120, Ley de Apoyo a la Seguridad Ciudadana con Cámaras de Videovigilancia Públicas y Privadas, y dicta otras disposiciones. El Peruano (2020). Retrieved on 2021-05-18.
  22. ↑ Murillo Chávez, Javier André (2017). Los derechos de autor y/o conexos del ¿Robot?. Enfoque de Derecho. Retrieved on 2021-05-17.
  23. ↑ Murillo Chávez, Javier André (febraury 2017). "Fa - Sol - La. Completando conceptos sobre la obra musical y su originalidad en la jurisprudencia peruana". Diálogo como la jurisprudencia (221): 229-254. ISSN 1812-9587. Retrieved on 2020-10-21.
  24. ↑ Murillo Chávez, Javier André (june 2015). "The incomplete puzzle. The missing rule and ruling about the protection by copyright of characters and objects of the work". Derecho PUCP (74): 189-220. ISSN 0251-3420. Retrieved on 2020-10-21.
  25. ↑ a b Maraví Contreras, Alfredo (2013). "Las creaciones gastronómicas como objeto de protección por el Derecho de Autor: Posibilidades y conveniencia". Anuario Andino de Derechos Intelectuales. (9): 95, 103. ISSN 1993-0976. Retrieved on 2020-11-12.
  26. ↑ Murillo Chávez, Javier André (febraury 2012). "Conviviendo con el enemigo. Sobre los conflictos entre el Derecho de Propiedad Industrial y el Derecho de Autor". Actualidad Jurídica (221): 321-336. ISSN 1812-9552. Retrieved on 2021-5-17.
  27. ↑ Omega S.A., v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 541 F.3d 982, 983.
  28. ↑ Fishman, Stephen (2014) The Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More, Nolo, p. 183 Retrieved on 29 August 2014. ISBN: 1413320287.
  29. ↑ [1]
Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:Threshold_of_originality/Americas/de&oldid=618690661"