Commons:Panoramafreiheit/Amerika

Panoramafreiheit
Afrika‌Amerika‌Asien‌Europa‌Ozeanien‌Andere

Diese Seite gibt einen Überblick über die Regeln zur Panoramafreiheit in verschiedenen Ländern oder Territorien Amerikas. Es wird von einzelnen Seitenabschnitten eingebunden und enthält die Regeln für jedes Gebiet.

Staaten in Amerika

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COM:FOP Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua und Barbuda

OK - for buildings, sculptures and works of artistic craftsmanship.

With buildings; sculptures, models of buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public, the copyright in such work is not infringed by making graphic work representing it; making a photograph or film of it; or broadcasting or including in a cable programme service a visual image of it.^{[22/2003 Section 74(2)]} The copyright of such a work is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies, or the broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service, of anything whose making was, by virtue of this section, not an infringement of copyright.^{[22/2003 Section 74(3)]}

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COM:FOP Argentina

Argentinien

Argentina has no "freedom of panorama" provision in its copyright law. At least some think there is de facto freedom of panorama in Argentina regarding buildings:

• It is uncontroversially accepted that buildings can be reproduced by paintings or photographs, without this reproduction infringing copyright.
• Se ha admitido pacificamente que los edificios puedan ser reproducidos mediante pinturas o fotografías, sin estimarse que esta reproducción lesione los derechos de autor. - Dr. Emery, Miguel Angel (professor of Intellectual property law in Argentina)

In accordance with this discussion from July 2010, this de facto freedom of panorama for architecture in Argentina is acceptable on Wikimedia Commons:

• OK for buildings {{FoP-Argentina}}
•  Nicht OK for sculpture and other works

As recent as 2022, this de facto freedom of panorama for Argentine architecture is brought to some skepticism, see these relevant discussions from December 2022 and from September 2023.

Infojustice.org tells of a proposal in 2017 to add more limitations/exceptions for Law No. 11.723, one of which would have been a freedom of panorama provision. Instead, most of the suggested exceptions were abolished, and the only surviving exception to be passed concerns free uses of works for persons with disabilities (PWDs), as proven by the resulting amendment law, Law No. 27.588 of November 11, 2020, on Amendments to Law No. 11.723 (WIPO copy).

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COM:FOP Bahamas

Bahamas

OK. The Bahamas has freedom of panorama for architecture, and 2D and 3D artistic works on display in places or premises open to the public. According to the 2010 version of Statute Law of The Bahamas - Chapter 323,

• The copyright in an architectural work that has been constructed does not include the right to prevent the making, distributing or public display of pictures, paintings, photographs or other pictorial representations of the work, if the building in which the work is embodied is located in or is ordinarily visible from a public place.^{[Cap 323/2010 Sec.78 (1)]}

• The copyright in an artistic work does not include the right to prevent the making, distributing or public display of pictures, paintings, photographs or other pictorial representations of the work if the work is located in or ordinarily visible from a public place.^{[Cap 323/2010 Sec.79 (1)]} This section applies to (a) buildings; (b) sculptures, models of buildings and artistic works, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public. ^{[Cap 323/2010 Sec.78 (2)]}
• In this Act... “artistic works” include two-dimensional and three dimensional work of fine, graphic and applied art, photographs, prints and art reproductions, maps, globes, charts, diagrams, models, architectural plans and technical drawings;"^{[Cap 323/2010 Sec.2 (1)]}

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COM:FOP Barbados

Barbados

OK for 3D works and works of artistic craftsmanship,  Nicht OK for 2D artwork. Use {{FoP-Barbados}} for images of compliant public artistic works of Barbados.

Under the Copyright Act 1998 revised up to 2006, copyright in a work is not infringed by its incidental inclusion in an artistic work, sound recording, film, broadcast or cable programme.^{[Cap.300/2006 Section 54(a)]}

This section [73] applies to buildings; sculptures, models of buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or on premises open to the public.^{[Cap.300/2006 Section 73(1)]} The copyright in a work referred to in subsection (1) is not infringed by making a graphic work representing it; making a photograph or film of it; broadcasting or including in a cable programme service a visual image of it; or issuing to the public copies, or the broadcasting or including in a cable programme service anything whose making was, by virtue of this section, not an infringement of copyright.^{[Cap.300/2006 Section 73(2)]}

Barbadian law is modelled on UK law, and in the absence of any specific case law to the contrary it is reasonable to assume that the rules will be similar. See the COM:FOP United Kingdom for more details.

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COM:FOP Belize

Belize

OK {{FoP-Belize}} The Belize Copyright Act of 2000 states that photographs, films, or graphic works depicting a building, sculpture, or work of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public, do not infringe the copyright of the original work.^{[Cap.252/2000 Section 78]}

Prior to 2000, freedom of panorama was granted by the Copyright Act 1956 of the United Kingdom.

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COM:FOP Bolivia

Bolivien

OK, siehe Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Andean Community#Freedom of panorama. {{FoP-Bolivia}}

Law No.1322 of April 13, 1992, on Copyright does not give a freedom of panorama provision. However, Decision 351 of the Andean Community of Nations (of which Bolivia is part of) provides for a freedom of panorama provision.

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COM:FOP Brazil

Brasilien

OK, {{FoP-Brazil}} with caveats. Freedom of panorama is allowed in Brazil, including commercial use, to some extent. According to the Copyright Law 9.610 as of 2013,

• Works permanently located in public places may be freely represented by painting, drawing, photography and audiovisual processes.^{[9.610/2013 Article 48]}

Representation is allowed, but reproduction is forbidden. Works of art placed in locations with access to the public can be freely represented by photography, painting, drawing and audiovisual means, to the extent that it does not reproduce the artwork. Commercial use is allowed, as long as the artist's work is properly attributed and the representation does not consist of a reproduction. The existing jurisprudence consistently allows commercial use of artworks under freedom of panorama, as long as the artwork is accessory, and is not detached from its surrounding elements, and therefore not unfairly used to produce revenue that by law belongs to the artist.

According to the available jurisprudence, and the ongoing debate about Article 48 in Brazil, "Public places" means "places available to the public", including private property and building interiors. Lawyer Marcelo Frullani Lopes says on the question of commercial use of representations of the Rio de Janeiro iconic landmark Christ the Redeemer: "although the area is privately owned, public access to the site is not restricted. One cannot ignore, also, that the Christ Redeemer is part of the landscape of Rio de Janeiro. From this point of view, the place where the work is located must be considered a public place."

Examples of public places quoted in a 2017 court case include squares, gardens, sidewalks, parks, avenues, streets, museums, cultural entities.

Article 48 of Law nº 9.610 of February 19, 1998 must be interpreted with other articles of the law, as established by case law.

• Article 5 of Federal Constitution of Brazil states: XXVII – the exclusive right of use, publication or reproduction of works rests with their authors and is transmissible to their heirs for the time the law shall establish.
• Under the Copyright Law as of 2013, unless otherwise agreed, the author of a work of art, when disposing of the object in which it materializes, transmits the right to exhibit it, but does not transmit to the acquirer the right to reproduce it.^{[9.610/2013 Article 77]} Authorization to reproduce a work of art in any form must be in writing and is assumed to be costly (se presume onerosa).^{[9.610/2013 Article 78]}

Sample freedom of panorama court cases

Statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro

• In Frederico George Barros Day vs. Edipress (2016): A mural in a public alley was represented by photography in a commercial publication, deformed and without attribution. The court considered the artwork was not being used in a way that took away revenue from the artist, even by being in a commercial publication. However, it considered that the artist's moral rights were violated due to lack of attribution and misrepresentation of the work in an improper way (deformed mural), causing damage to his reputation. An indemnization was granted.

• In a more recent case involving the same artist, Frederico George Barros Day (graffiter) vs. Editora Abril (2017), the artwork was reproduced on magazine covers, without attribution and with clear commercial intent, due to freedom of panorama being confused with Public Domain. An indemnization was granted.

• In Ricardo Fernandez Costa (artist) vs. Leo Burnett Publicidade Ltda (2017): Use of mural graffiti placed in a public alley in publicity campaign for shopping center, the court considered there was no breach of moral or material rights of the author, and that the use was allowed under Article 48.

• Cleir Ávila Ferreira Júnior (artist) vs. Confederação Brasileira de Futebol - CBF & Outplan Sistemas (2017) concerned representation of the artist's sculpture "Araras" in tickets sold for a soccer game. Commercial use of the representation was considered by the court to be covered by freedom of panorama as it was not detached from its landscape.

• This differs from Sival Floriano Veloso (sculptor) vs. Telemar Norte Leste SA, where a statue was detached from its surroundings on commercialized phone cards.

• In Frederico George Barros Day (graffiter) vd. Edições Globo Conde Nast, commercial use of a representation of the mural in a fashion presentation was deemed to be correct under Article 48, as it was contained within the street landscape.

• In the Panda / Mochilheira case (2015), commercial use of a representation of a mural in a fashion presentation was deemed to be correct under Article 48. Use of the "Panda" mural as background for the Mochilheira fashion show was deemed by the court to be accessory, and therefore covered by Article 48.

• In Camila Pavanelli & others (mural artists/graffiters) vs. Lew’lara/TBWA Publicidade Propaganda, casual presence of artwork in a commercial spot was not in breach of the law under Article 48.

• In a much quoted 2011 court case, Sival Floriano Veloso (sculptor) vs. Telemar Norte Leste SA, commercial use of representations of sculptures in a public place was deemed to be unlawful in court. On the phone cards being sold, the sculptures had been detached from their surrounding elements, which was considered to be in breach of Article 48. The court case lasted from 2007 to 2011, dealing with use of representations of sculptures placed in a public place in phone cards sold by the phone operator. The sculptures had been detached from their surrounding elements, which was considered to violate the spirit of Article 48. Of the three judges that voted on the final sentence, two considered that Article 48 does not cover commercial use of representations of artworks, when that representation was only about the artwork. The third judge considered that commercial use was allowed by Article 48, even when the only represented subject was the artwork.

• Compare the above with Cleir Ávila Ferreira Júnior (artist) vs. Confederação Brasileira de Futebol, where the commercial use of an image of an artwork under copyright was considered to be covered by Article 48, as unlike this case, it had not been detached from its surrounding elements.

• The situation was repeated in 2016, when a representation of a house on a commercial product was detached from its surrounding elements and used commercially by a paint manufacturer without consent by the architect, and without proper attribution.

• Other cases, in particular related to Rio de Janeiro's iconic Christ the Redeemer which has been widely used commercially, have been quoted in court and in technical opinions to support the notion that Article 48 does indeed allow for free and unrestricted representation of works of art in public places.

• In a 2017 juridical technical opinion, statues in public squares used in selling products were presented as an example of what is covered by Article 48. Recent jurisprudence related to Article 48 reinforces the notion that freedom of panorama in Brazil cannot be used in any way that provenly takes or diverts revenue that by right would belong to the artist.

• In 2016, a controversial court case arose about a paint brand who used the representation of a copyrighted architectural work (house) to sell the paints, without attributing the work, and under the payment of a fee to the house owners (not the copyright holders). While the court considered the commercial use of the artwork representation unlawful, and granted compensation to the copyright holder, it based its sentence on the fact that there was payment for the use of the specific artwork to someone who was not the copyright holder of the work, thus taking away revenue from the artist and damaging his rights. The court also emphasized the architect's moral rights violation, from commercializing his work without properly attributing it, and said this fact alone was enough to warrant compensation.

• • Use of the above decision to imply an interpretation of Article 48 as forbidding commercial use in general is disputed and contradicted by other evidence.

• • Also, in this case, the image of the house on the commercialized product was detached from its surrounding elements.

• • The Superior Court has written, "The point is not merely representation of the surroundings of the architectural work, but of representation of the architectural work solely for the purpose of profit."

• In any case, the ongoing debate on Brazilian jurisprudence over Article 48 is limited to the resulting financial damage to the artist, which has to be consistently demonstrated by palpable proof, and not to the use of artwork representations.

• More recently, in June 2018, a 2nd instance Brazilian court affirmed the a hospital had the right to commercially use the image of the Rio de Janeiro Monument of the Redeemer even without any landscape context. "Article 48 of Law 9.610/98 in its literal sense authorizes the free representation of works located permanently in public places, and does not require maintenance of the landscape context."

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COM:FOP Chile

Chile

• OK for most works permanently located in "squares, avenues and public places." {{FoP-Chile}}
•  Nicht OK for copyrighted literary works, as such works are in a separate category – Article 3(1) and (2) – as opposed to lithography (Article 3(7)), finished architectural projects (Article 3(9)), two-dimensional works (Article 3(11)), and three-dimensional works (Article 3(12)).

The Chilean copyright law 17336 provides freedom of panorama for architectural and artistic works:

• The reproduction of architectural works by means of photography, film, television and any other analogous procedure, as well as the publication of the corresponding photographs in newspapers, magazines and books and texts intended for education, is free and is not subject to to remuneration, provided that it is not in a separate, complete or partial collection, without authorization of the author.^{[17.336/2017 Art.71F]}
• Art. 1 Nº 8 Likewise, reproduction through photography.^{[17.336/2017 Art.71F]}
• Drawing or any other procedure, of monuments, statues and, in general, artistic works that permanently adorn squares, avenues and public places, is free and is not subject to remuneration, the publication and sale of the reproductions being lawful.^{[17.336/2017 Art.71F]}

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COM:FOP Costa Rica

Costa Rica

 Nicht OK: Non-commercial use of public art and architecture only. ({{NoFoP-Costa Rica}}) According to Law Nº 6683 as amended up to 2021:

• It is lawful to make photographic reproductions or other pictorial processes, when this reproduction is without commercial purpose, of statues, monuments and other works of art protected by copyright, acquired by the public authority, exhibited in the streets, gardens and museums.^{[6683/2021 Article 71]}

This non-commercial restriction is identical to the 2010 version of the law; in any case, image files of copyrighted Costa Rican architecture and public art are not allowed on Wikimedia Commons and must be nominated for deletion; such content does not conform to Commons:Licensing which requires commercial uses.

Original Spanish text:

Es lícita la reproducción fotográfica o por otros procesos pictóricos, cuando esta reproducción sea sin fines comerciales, de las estatuas, monumentos y otras obras de arte protegidas por derechos de autor, adquiridos por el poder público, expuestos en las calles, los jardines y los museos.

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COM:FOP Dominica

Dominica

 Nicht OK. The only reference in the 2003 Copyright Act appears to be

• The following acts shall be permitted ... for the purpose of reporting current events, the reproduction and the broadcasting or other communication to the public of short excerpts of a work seen or heard in the course of such events, to the extent justified by the purpose.^{[2003 Section 69(b)]}

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COM:FOP Dominican Republic

Dominikanische Republik

OK {{FoP-Dominican Republic}}

The reproduction, distribution and communication to the public of news of the day and other information relating to facts or events in the news that have been publicly disseminated by the press or by means of broadcasting shall be lawful. It shall also be lawful to reproduce and make accessible to the public, in connection with the reporting of current events by means of photography, broadcasting or communication to the public by cable or other analogous means, works seen or heard in the course of such events, to the extent justified by the informatory purpose.^{[65-00/2000 Article 34]}

Works permanently located on public thoroughfares, streets or squares may be reproduced by means of painting, drawing, photography or audiovisual fixations, and such reproductions may be distributed and communicated publicly. With regard to works of architecture, this provision shall apply only to their external aspect.^{[65-00/2000 Article 39]}

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COM:FOP Ecuador

Ecuador

 Nicht OK {{NoFoP-Ecuador}}

See Andean Community:Freedom of panorama.

The Organic Code of Social Economy of Knowledge, Creativity and Innovation (2016) provides a restrictive freedom of panorama that does not allow commercial uses of images of copyrighted works permanently found in public spaces:

• The reproduction, adaptation, distribution or public communication for scientific or educational purposes and to guarantee access to people with disabilities of architectural, photographic, fine arts, applied art or other similar works, which are permanently located in places open to the public, through photography, painting, drawing, filming or any other similar technique or procedure, provided that the name of the author of the original work, if known, and the place where it is located are indicated.^{[2016 Art.212(7)]}

The repealed Intellectual Property Law (1998, last-amended in 2014) provided a more lenient exception, under Article 83(f), permitting the use of works permanently located in public spaces as long as "the purpose is strictly the dissemination of art, science and culture." However, under the fourteenth provision of the "Disposiciones Transitorias" of the 2016 Organic Law, rules of the current copyright law are prevailing regarding uses, enjoyment, obligations, licenses, renewals, and extensions.

Decision 351 of the Andean Community of Nations provides for freedom of panorama: "Without prejudice to that put forth in the Chapter 5 and in the previous article, it will be legal to realize, without authorization from the author and without the payment of any remuneration, the following acts:...h) undertake the reproduction, transmission by broadcasting or cable distribution to the public of the image of an architectural work, work of fine art, photographic work or work of applied art located permanently in a place open to the public".^{[351/1993 Article 22(h)]}

Nevertheless, the member states such as Ecuador have the leeway to restrict FoP rules. According to Cerda Silva (2012), "the Decision only set forth a minimum legal standard, allowing the standard to be heightened by domestic law. This is the case for moral rights recognized for authors, economic exclusive rights, term of protection, and exceptions and limitations to copyright."

See Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2024/05#Ecuadorian FoP in the new law for the discussion.

See also: Category:Ecuadorian FOP cases.

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COM:FOP El Salvador

El Salvador

OK for exterior architecture and most types of public art. {{FoP-El Salvador}}

• "The following shall be allowed without the consent of the author or remuneration: . . . the reproduction of a work of art on permanent display in a street, square or other public place in an artistic medium different from that used for the making of the original; with regard to buildings, this right shall be limited to the exterior façade".^{[2017 Article 45 (f)]}

Spanish text:

Respecto de las obras ya divulgadas lícitamente, es permitida sin autorización del autor ni remuneración: . . . La reproducción de una obra de arte expuesta permanentemente en las calles, plazas u otros lugares públicos, por medio de un arte diverso al empleado para la elaboración del original. Respecto de los edificios, dicha facultad se limita a la fachada exterior.

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COM:FOP Grenada

Grenada

OK. Under the Copyright Act (Cap. 67, Act No. 21 of 2011),

• Copyright is a property right which subsists in literary and artistic works.^{[21/2011 Section 5(1)]} This includes works of architecture.^{[21/2011 Section 5(1)(g)]}
• The inclusion of an artistic work in a work, broadcast or communication to the public shall not be considered an infringement if the artistic work (a) is permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public; or (b) is included in the work, broadcast or communication to the public by way only of background or as incidental to the essential matters represented.^{[21/2011 Section 19]}

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COM:FOP Guatemala

Guatemala

OK {{FoP-Guatemala}}

Section 64 of Guatemala's copyright law as of 2006 says:

"With respect to already published works, is permitted, without the author's consent, besides what is set forth in article 32: [...]

d) The reproduction for personal use of a work of art permanently exhibited in public places or on the exterior façade of buildings, made by means of an art different from that used in the making of the original, provided that the name of the author, if known, the title of the work, if it has one, and the place it is located are indicated".^{[33-98/2006 Art.64(d)]}

Original language (Spanish) text:

ARTÍCULO 64. Respecto de las obras ya divulgadas también es permitida, sin autorización del autor, además de lo dispuesto en el artículo 32: [...]

d) La reproducción para uso personal de una obra de arte expuesta en forma permanente en lugares públicos o en la fachada exterior de edificios, ejecutada por medio de un arte que sea distinto al empleado para la elaboración del original, siempre que se indique el nombre del autor, si se conociere, así como el título de la obra, si lo tiene, y el lugar donde se encuentra.

See the discussions here and here for more information.

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COM:FOP Guyana

Guyana

OK for buildings, sculpture and applied art, not for paintings, drawings, engravings or photographs.

• The copyright of a sculpture or work of artistic craftsmanship other than a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph which is permanently situated in a public place, or in premises open to the public, is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the work, or the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.^{[74/1956 Section 9(3)]}
• The copyright in a work of architecture is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the work, or the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.^{[74/1956 Section 9(4)]}
• Without prejudice to the two last preceding subsections, the copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast, if its inclusion therein is only by way of background or is otherwise only incidental to the principal matters represented in the film or broadcast.^{[74/1956 Section 9(5)]}

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COM:FOP Haiti

Haiti

•  Nicht OK - noncommercial only (but noncommercial licensing is not compatible to Commons:Licensing).
• OK if the work is not the main subject (in other words, de minimis).

According to Article 15 on page 9 the Décret du 12 Octobre 2005 sur les Droits d'Auteur, a reproduction of an architectural work of art, a fine arts work, a photographic work of art or an applied arts work that is situated in permanence in a location open to the public is allowed, except if the work of art is the primary subject of said reproduction and said reproduction is used for commercial purposes.^{[2005 Article 15]}

Nonobstant les dispositions de l'article 7, il est permis, sans l'autorisation de l'auteur et sans paiement d'une rémunération, de reproduire, de radiodiffuser ou de communiquer par câble au public une image d'une oeuvre d'architecture, d'une oeuvre des beaux-arts, d'une oeuvre photographique et d'une oeuvre des arts appliqués qui est située en permanence dans un endroit ouvert au public, sauf si l'image de l'oeuvre est le sujet principal d'une teIle reproduction, radiodiffusion ou communication si elle est utilisée à des fins commerciales.

— in: 2005 Article 15

Notwithstanding the dispositions of article 7, it is permitted, without the authorisation of the author and without payment of a remuneration, to reproduce, broadcast over radio or communicate via cable to the public an image of an work of architectural art, a work of fine arts, a work of photographic art or a work of applied arts if it is situated in permanence in a location open to the public, except if the work of art is the primary subject of said image, radiodiffusion or communication if it is used for commercial purposes.

— Translation of Article 15

The "Article 7" being referenced is simply a list of a copyright holder's exclusive rights. It says that "With the exception of the dispositions of articles 8 to 19, the author of a work of art has the exclusive right to perform or authorize the following acts (...)".

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COM:FOP Honduras

Honduras

 Nicht OK – Personal use only, in media different from the original.

The 2006 revision of the Law on Copyright and Related Rights, article 52, states:

• It is lawful, for personal use, to reproduce a work of art permanently exhibited in the streets, squares or other public places, by means of an art different from that used for making the original. With respect to buildings, this is limited to the exterior façade.^{[16-2006 Article 52]}

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COM:FOP Jamaica

Jamaika

OK, except murals and other 2D "graphic works" ( Nicht OK). {{FoP-Jamaica}}

• This section applies to buildings; sculptures, models of buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.^{[13/2015 Section 74(1)]}
• The copyright in such a work is not infringed by making a graphic work representing it; making a photograph or film of it; or broadcasting or including in a cable programme service a visual image of it.^{[13/2015 Section 74(2)]}
• The copyright of such a work is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies, or the broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service, of anything whose making was, by virtue of this section, not an infringement of copyright.^{[13/2015 Section 74(3)]}

See also: Category:Jamaican FOP cases.

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COM:FOP Canada

Kanada

OK for 3D works and "works of artistic craftsmanship": {{FoP-Canada}}

 Nicht OK usually for 2D works

Under Section 32.2 (1)(b) of the Canadian Copyright Act 1985, it is not an infringement of copyright for any person to reproduce, in a painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or cinematographic work … (i) an architectural work (defined as any building or structure or any model of a building or structure"); or

• (ii) "a sculpture or work of artistic craftsmanship or a cast or model of a sculpture or work of artistic craftsmanship, that is permanently situated in a public place or building".

Canadian law was originally derived from UK concepts and some of Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Vereinigtes Königreich may therefore be of relevance, in particular the restricted legal meaning of "work of artistic craftsmanship". Some non-sculptural works can qualify for Canadian FOP under this clause, such as Body Shop Yonge.jpg for example. The freedom provided by the quoted section does not apply to typical two-dimensional works such as paintings, murals, advertising hoardings, maps, posters or signs. These cannot be uploaded to Commons without a license from the copyright holder even if they are permanently located in a public place, unless they are in the public domain.

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COM:FOP Colombia

Kolumbien

OK for public art found permanently in public outdoors and exterior architecture = {{FoP-Colombia}};  Nicht OK for interior architecture as well as public art found in public indoors.

• See Andean Community of Nations:Freedom of panorama

• It shall be permissible to reproduce, by painting, drawing, photography or cinematography, works that are permanently located on public highways, streets or squares, and to distribute such reproductions or works and communicate them to the public. With regard to works of architecture, this provision shall be applicable solely to outward views.^{[23/1982–2018 Art 39]}

Notable cases

• Case 044-IP-2013 - an example of the commercial use of a property broadcast in a mass media, requiring explicit mention of its author and its publication is for "good commercial practice" (quoted as "buena fe comercial"). Otherwise, as its unlawful appropriation, this is considered as lucrative exploitation. A crucial passage at the last paragraph (P.39 Noveno) of the said ruling reads "Se advierte que las anteriores previsiones consagradas en la norma comunitaria, al ser tan generales en materia de procedimiento, dejan abierto un gran margen para que el ordenamiento interno de los Países Miembros regule los procedimientos y procesos con base en la norma comunitaria, de conformidad con el principio de complemento indispensable." Translated as: "It is noted that the previous provisions enshrined in the community standard, being so general in terms of procedure, leave open a great margin for the internal regulations of the Member Countries to regulate the procedures and processes based on the community standard, in accordance with the principle of indispensable complement." Interpreting from this, this means the FoP exception of the Decision 351 is binding in all member states, but the member states have the right to regulate or restrict the exception as being applied to them.

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COM:FOP Cuba

Kuba

OK {{FoP-Cuba}}

According to Law No. 14 of December 28, 1977 as amended up to 1994, it is permissible, without the author's consent and without remuneration, but with obligatory reference to his name and provided the work is public knowledge and respectful of the artist's specific values: ... to reproduce by any means, except those involving direct contact with its surface, a work of art of any type on permanent display in a public place, except those in exhibitions and museums;^{[14/1977-1994 Article 38(c)]}

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COM:FOP Mexico

Mexiko

OK {{FoP-Mexico}}

Mexico's federal copyright law, Article 148, allows reproduction without compensation in certain circumstances:

• Literary and artistic works that have already been disclosed may only be used in the following cases without the consent of the owner of the economic rights and without remuneration, provided that the normal exploitation of the work is not adversely affected thereby and provided also that the source is invariably mentioned and that no alteration is made to the work:"^{[1996-2018 Art.148]}
• Reproduction, communication and distribution by means of drawings, paintings, photographs and audiovisual processes of works that are visible from public places (lugares publicos).

^{[1996-2018 Art.148(VII)]}

The term lugares publicos has been interpreted to include both interior and exterior public places. Government-owned places such as libraries, markets, parks and public gardens have no restrictions against freedom of panorama. However, due to the ambiguity of the article, on some occasions, some establishments like the Mexico City Metro (a government-owned system) have required users to request permission to film or photograph inside the facilities. The Federal Law of Telecom and Broadcasting also uses the term "public places". It defines public places as: "...those that are in the charge of dependencies of federal, state or municipal entities, or under public programs of any one of the three orders of government..." Public places under this law (page 7) would include:

• Schools, Universities, and every kind of building used for education;
• Clinics, Hospitals, and every kind of building used for health care;
• Government offices of all types;
• Community Centers;
• Free admission and open places such as parks, green areas and sports centers
• Places that collaborate in public federal programs.

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COM:FOP Nicaragua

Nicaragua

 Nicht OK {{NoFoP-Nicaragua}} As per Nicaragua Law No. 577 on Amendments and Additions to Law No. 312 on Copyright and Related Rights, "Works located permanently in parks, streets, squares or other thoroughfares may be reproduced, without the author’s authorization, by means of painting, sketching, photographs and audiovisual recordings for personal use. In respect of works of architecture, the previous article shall only apply to their external aspect.^{[77/2006 Article 43]}

This article had previously read, "Works permanently located in parks, streets, squares or other public roads can be reproduced, without the author's authorization, by means of painting, drawing, photography and audiovisual recordings. As for architectural works, the previous article will only apply to its external appearance.^{[312/1999 Article 43]}

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COM:FOP Panama

Panama

OK; in regard to buildings, for the outer façade only. {{FoP-Panama}}

Under the Law No. 64 of October 10, 2012, reproduction, broadcasting or public transmission by cable of the image of an architectural work, of a work of the fine arts, of a photographic work or of a work of applied arts that is located permanently in a place open to the public is allowed. With buildings, this is limited to the exterior façade.^{[64/2012 Article 69(3)]}

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COM:FOP Paraguay

Paraguay

OK {{FoP-Paraguay}} The following is permitted without authorization by the author or payment of remuneration in relation to works already disclosed:

• Reproduction of a work of art on permanent display in streets, squares or other public places, or on the outer walls of buildings, where the artistic medium used is different from that used for the making of the original, provided that the name of the author and the title of the work, if known, and the place in which it is located are mentioned.^{[1328/1998 Article 39.4]}
• Where the work is used as a sign, emblem or distinctive mark of a political party or non-profit-making civil association or entity.^{[1328/1998 Article 39.7]}

"Reproductions admitted in this article will be permitted only if they do not cross the normal exploitation of the work or cause an unjustifiable damage to the legitimate interests of the author".^{[1328/1998 Article 39]}

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COM:FOP Peru

Peru

OK {{FoP-Peru}}

Based on the 1996 law,

• The following shall be permitted without the author’s consent: ... the reproduction of a work of art on permanent display in a street, square or other public place, or that of the outer façade of a building, where it is done in an art form different from that used for the making of the original, provided that the name of the author, if known, the title of the work, if any, and the place in which it is located are specified.^{[822/1996 Art.43(e)]}
• In all the cases specified in this Article, any use of works that competes with the author's exclusive right to exploit their work shall be equivalent to unlawful use.^{[822/1996 Art.43 (endnote)]} Outside the copyright law, is illegal use to take economic advantage for others or not to attribute the author of the work.^{[29263/2003 Art.1(218)]}

Notes:

• Resolutions No 0372-2006-TPI-INDECOPI and 0760-2010-TPI-INDECOPI (El Comercio v APSAV) specifies the situations in which the work may be legitimately reproduced for acts of exhibition. A "public place" (like MVCS: "bien de dominio público", with exceptions for "dominio privado estatal", see Works by the Peruvian Government)^{[29151/1991, updated in D.S. 008-2021-VIVIENDA Art. 3.3.2]} is an internal or external location that is permanently available to the public including museums. The freedom of panorama applies even to artistic works: the "permanent" status is not lost to works that have been relocated from one public place to another public place or that are in the process of temporary closure for maintenance. The places declared as cultural heritage, even if they were abandoned or never discovered, are property of the Peruvian State and match the definitions previously mentioned.^{[28296/2008 Title I, Art. 2, 5 and 11]}
• Previously, the 1961 law allowed the freedom of panorama for artistic and architectural works, regardless of their legal validity, in public places. There is no mention if the work must be "permanently accessible".^{[13714/1961 Art. 72 and 74]} During the government of Alberto Fujimori, the concept of "public spaces" expands in heavy attended interiors from public institutions, free areas in private institutions and mass transport.^{[25357/1991 Art.2]} In the case of museums, the audiovisual reproduction in newspapers, television channels and movies of works acquired inside the place is also allowed. But, should be noted that these reproductions are "copies of a work" with name of its author, for the copyrighted work itself cannot be used for trade.^{[13714/1961 Art. 73]}
• Copyright protection of architectural works expire 70 p.m.a of their original designer. However, for clarification, if the architectural work was inaugurated before 1960 and never attributed by any author, this lacks coverage by recent copyright laws to protect it because limitations from 1849 law that buildings are not designate as works of art.^{[13714/1961 Art. 7(ll) and 153]} The freedom of panorama is applied in Art. 37 and 38 of the Intellectual Property Code of the Peruvian Association of Architects with condition that "the works are open to the public", even indoors unless strictly reserved by their author.

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COM:FOP Saint Kitts and Nevis

St. Kitts und Nevis

OK for 3D works. According to the Chapter 18.08 Copyright Act of 2002,

• Representation of artistic works on public display: This section shall apply to (a) buildings; and (b) sculptures, models of buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.^{[18.08/2000 Section 74(1)]}

• The copyright in the work referred to in section 74(1) shall not be infringed by (a) making a graphic work representing it; (b) making a photograph or film of it; (c) broadcasting or including in a cable programme service a visual image of it; or (d) the issue to the public of copies, or the broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service, of anything whose making was, by virtue of this section, not an infringement of copyright.^{[18.08/2000 Section 74(2)]}

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COM:FOP Saint Lucia

St. Lucia

OK. For 2D copies of 3D works. According to the Copyright Act 1995 (Act No. 10 of 1995),

• This section applies to (a) buildings; (b) sculptures, models of buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.^{[10/1995 Section 81(1)]}

• The copyright in such a work is not infringed by (a) making a graphic work representing it; (b) making a photograph or film of it; or (c) broadcasting or including in a cable programme service a visual image of it.^{[10/1995 Section 81(2)]}

• The copyright in such a work is not infringed by the issue to the public of copies, or the broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service, of anything whose making was, by virtue of this section, not an infringement of copyright.^{[10/1995 Section 81(3)]}

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COM:FOP Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

St. Vincent und die Grenadinen

OK for 2D copies of 3D works. Unclear whether 2D works may be copied, but assume  Nicht OK as the clause follows the the United Kingdom freedom of panorama model. According to the Copyright Act 2003 (Act No. 21 of 2003), Issue 1/2009,

• When an artistic work is on public display, including buildings; sculptures, models of buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public, the copyright in such a work is not infringed by making a graphic work representing it; making a photograph or film of it; or broadcasting or including in a cable programme service a visual image of it.^{[1/2009 Section 75]}

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COM:FOP Suriname

Suriname

OK for works under 6° of Article 10.  Nicht OK for others like maps, photographs, or designs related to sciences like architecture or geography. Under the Law of 1913, as amended up to the act of 17 April 2015,

• There is no infringement of copyright in reproduction of a work, as referred to in Article 10, 6°, that is permanently displayed or visible from a public road if the reproduction by its size or by the method in which it is made is clearly different from the original work. With buildings, this is limited to the exterior.^{[23/1981 Article 18]}

Works listed under 6° of Article 10: drawings, paintings, architecture, sculptures, lithographs, engravings, and other sheet metal works.

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COM:FOP Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad und Tobago

OK {{FoP-Trinidad and Tobago}}

The 2008 Copyright Act states, "Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 8(1) and 16, the inclusion of an artistic work in a work, broadcast or communication to the public shall not be considered an infringement if the artistic work (a) is permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public; or (b) is included in the work, broadcast or communication to the public by way only of background or as incidental to the essential matters represented.^{[5/2008 Section 17]}

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COM:FOP Uruguay

Uruguay

OK {{FoP-Uruguay}} Reproduction is not unlawful: ... The photographic reproduction of paintings, monuments, or allegorical figures exhibited in museums, parks or public promenades, provided that the works in question are considered to be outside the private domain.^{[18.046/2019 Article 45.8]}

Uruguayan freedom of panorama is applicable to images of copyrighted architecture, monuments, and public art found in public spaces as well as within museums, provided that the said works are dedicated for public view and not confined to a particular private owner ("dominio privado").

See also Commons talk:Freedom of panorama/Archive 7#Statues images for the discussion on the Uruguayan FoP.

See also: Category:Uruguayan FOP cases.

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COM:FOP Venezuela

Venezuela

OK. {{FoP-Venezuela}} Under the 1993 Law on Copyright,

• The following shall be considered lawful reproductions: ... the reproduction of a work of art permanently displayed in a street, square or other public place by means of a technique different from that used for the making of the original; with respect to buildings, the said right shall be limited to the external elevations.^{[1993 Article 44(9)]}

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COM:FOP United States

Vereinigte Staaten

OK nur für Gebäude {{FoP-US}}

Gebäude sind gemäß 17 USC 102(a)(8) seit der Verabschiedung des Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act im Jahr 1990 urheberrechtlich geschützte Werke in den Vereinigten Staaten. Er gilt für alle Gebäude, die nach dem 1. Dezember 1990 fertiggestellt wurden, auch wenn sie vorher begonnen wurden oder wenn die Pläne nach diesem Datum veröffentlicht wurden.

Das US-Bundesurheberrechtsgesetz nimmt jedoch ausdrücklich „Bilder, Gemälde, Fotografien oder andere bildliche Darstellungen“ von urheberrechtlich geschützten Gebäuden vom Urheberrecht am Gebäude aus 17 USC 120(a). Jeder darf Gebäude von öffentlichen Plätzen aus malen, zeichnen oder fotografieren. Dazu gehören auch öffentliche Innenräume wie Lobbys, Hörsäle usw. Der Urheber hat das ausschließliche Urheberrecht an einem solchen Bild (der Architekt oder Eigentümer des Gebäudes hat keinerlei Mitspracherecht) und kann das Bild in jeder Form veröffentlichen. 17 USC 120 gilt nur für architektonische Werke, nicht für andere Werke der bildenden Kunst, wie Statuen oder Skulpturen.

Das bedeutet, dass für Gebäude, die vor dem 1. Dezember 1990 fertiggestellt wurden, uneingeschränktes Nutzungsrecht besteht, unabhängig davon, ob das Gebäude von einem öffentlichen Platz aus sichtbar ist, da das Gebäude mit Ausnahme der Pläne gemeinfrei ist. Für Fotos solcher Gebäude kann die Lizenzvorlage {{PD-US-architecture}} verwendet werden (zusammen mit einer Lizenzvorlage für das Foto). Für Gebäude, die nach dem 1. Dezember 1990 fertiggestellt wurden, besteht nur die Freiheit, ein solches Gebäude zu fotografieren. Dies gilt auch für Stilelemente wie Wasserspeier und Säulen, die nur vor dreidimensionaler Wiedergabe geschützt sind (Leicester v. Warner Bros.).

Beachte, dass das Urheberrecht nur für „Gebäude“ gilt. Der Begriff „Gebäude“ bezeichnet Bauwerke, die von Menschen bewohnt werden können und dazu bestimmt sind, dauerhaft und unbeweglich zu sein, wie z. B. Wohnhäuser und Bürogebäude, sowie andere dauerhafte und unbewegliche Bauwerke, die für die Nutzung durch Menschen bestimmt sind, einschließlich, aber nicht beschränkt auf Kirchen, Museen, Pavillons und Gartenpavillons. Alle diese Werke sind urheberrechtlich geschützt und fallen daher nur dann unter die FOP-Ausnahme, wenn sie von einem öffentlichen Ort aus sichtbar sind. Brücken, Kleeblätter, Dämme, Autobahnen oder Gehwege sind keine „Gebäude“ im Sinne der Definition von Werken der Baukunst. In den USA sind solche Werke nicht urheberrechtlich geschützt und können daher frei fotografiert werden, unabhängig davon, ob sie von einem öffentlichen Platz aus sichtbar sind oder nicht. Für Bilder von solchen Werken kann {{PD-structure|USA}} verwendet werden. In vielen anderen Ländern sind sie jedoch urheberrechtlich geschützt.

Erfordernis der Originalität für Architektur

Bei dieser Diskussion ist zu beachten, dass nach US-amerikanischem Recht ein Werk, auch ein abgeleitetes Werk, Originalität aufweisen muss, um nach dem Urheberrecht schutzfähig zu sein. Siehe Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co. in der englischen Wikipedia. Speziell im Fall von abgeleiteten Werken wurde in Durham Industries, Inc. v. Tomy Corp. und früher in L. Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder, dass ein abgeleitetes Werk in Bezug auf das zugrunde liegende Werk, auf dem es basiert, originell sein muss. Andernfalls kann es keinen urheberrechtlichen Schutz genießen, und sein Kopieren verletzt kein Urheberrecht des abgeleiteten Werks selbst (obwohl das Kopieren das Urheberrecht des zugrunde liegenden Werks, auf dem das abgeleitete Werk beruht, verletzen kann). Weitere Informationen zu diesem Thema im Wikipedia-Artikel Abgeleitetes Werk.

Für eine juristische Diskussion siehe Wikilegal/Pictorial Representations Architectural Works.

Kunstwerke und Skulpturen

 Not OK. {{NoFoP-US}} (Nur-Kategorie-Vorlage)

Hinweis: Bitte kennzeichne US no-FoP für Anträge auf Löschung öffentlicher Kunst: <noinclude>[[Category:United States FOP cases/pending]]</noinclude>

Für Kunstwerke, auch wenn sie dauerhaft an öffentlichen Orten installiert sind, sieht das US-Urheberrechtsgesetz keine ähnliche Ausnahme vor, und jede Veröffentlichung eines Bildes eines urheberrechtlich geschützten Kunstwerks unterliegt daher der Zustimmung des Urheberrechtsinhabers des Kunstwerks. Öffentliche Kunstwerke, die vor 1929 installiert wurden, gelten jedoch als gemeinfrei und können frei fotografiert werden. Darüber hinaus ist jedes öffentliche Kunstwerk, das vor 1978 ohne Urheberrechtsvermerk installiert wurde, ebenfalls gemeinfrei (es sei denn, der Urheberrechtsinhaber hat bis 1978 aktiv verhindert, dass jemand das Werk kopiert oder fotografiert). In diesen Fällen solltest du das Aufstellungsdatum und den Schöpfer (Bildhauer) des abgebildeten Werks so gut wie möglich dokumentieren. (Eine gute Quelle für Informationen über US-amerikanische Skulpturen ist der Smithsonian Art Inventories Catalog).

Anwendbare Vorlagen:

• Für öffentliche Kunstwerke, die vor 1929 installiert wurden, verwende {{PD-US}} oder {{PD-US-expired}}.
• Für öffentliche Kunstwerke, die zwischen 1929 und 1977 einschließlich installiert wurden, verwende {{PD-US-no notice}} oder {{PD-US-not renewed}}.

Die Argumentation, dass eine große Skulptur oder ein Denkmal ein Gebäude ist und daher unter die Panoramafreiheits-Ausnahme fällt, wurde von einem Bundesgericht („Gaylord gegen die Vereinigten Staaten“, 2008) ausdrücklich zurückgewiesen, das feststellte, dass sich die Gebäudeausnahme des Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act (AWCPA) nicht auf die Skulptur „The Column“ im Korean War Veterans Memorial erstreckt, weil „die in der Definition des Begriffs 'Gebäude' durch das Copyright Office verwendeten Strukturen dazu bestimmt sind, Personen zu beherbergen, entweder um ihnen ein Obdach zu geben oder zu einem anderen Zweck, wie z. B. für religiöse Zwecke.“[1] Das Gericht entschied zwar zugunsten des Beklagten auf der Grundlage einer fairen Nutzung, wurde aber später zugunsten des Klägers aufgehoben; das Foto wurde als abgeleitetes Werk betrachtet. Das Gericht vertrat auch die Ansicht, dass das Gesetz von vornherein so formuliert worden wäre, wenn der Kongress beabsichtigt hätte, das AWCPA auf Denkmäler und Gedenkstätten auszuweiten.

Für weitere juristische Diskussionen siehe Wikilegal/Copyright of Images of Memorials in the US.

Beispiele

Charging Bull

• Kunst, in Kurzform; Bildhauer verklagt Wal-Mart (Artikel der New York Times vom 23. September 2006)
• Klage behauptet illegale Verwendung des Bildes 'Charging Bull' (Artikel vom 22. September 2006 in der Los Angeles Times)
• Künstler verklagt Random House in NYC wegen Buchcover (Artikel vom 4. August 2009 von Auction Central News)

Cloud Gate

• Kapoor gegen NRA: Eine Analyse von Fair Use (von Creative Law Center)

Graffiti by street artist Revok

• H&M's battle with the artist Revok shows how street art is being taken seriously (March 16, 2018 article by The Washington Post)
• In settlement, Revok and H&M pledge donations to Detroit arts groups (September 6, 2018 by Detroit Free Press)

Denkmal für die Veteranen des Koreakrieges

• Bildhauer des Korea-Denkmals gewinnt Urheberrechtsprozess (Artikel vom 20. September 2013 in USA Today)
• Gaylord v. USA, 595 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (vom U.S. Copyright Office)
• FRANK GAYLORD v. USA No. 06-539C (vom United States Court of Federal Claims)

Portlandia

• So Sue Us - Warum die Portlandia-Statue nicht zu einer Ikone wurde (Artikel vom 9. September 2014 von „Willamette Week“, archiviert am 27. November 2022)

Nachbildung der Freiheitsstatue, New York-New York Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas

• Die Vereinigten Staaten gegen Davidson - Verletzung des Urheberrechts durch eine Nachbildung der Freiheitsstatue. Urheberrecht für kreative Nachahmer? (von Infusion Lawyers)
• Stellungnahme von Richter Eric Bruggink (von United States Court of Federal Claims)

Three Servicemen or Three Soldiers

• THE THREE SERVICEMAN STATUE USE REQUEST (by Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund)
• Unusual Arrangement Gives Royalties to Sculptor of Vietnam Vets Statue (1987 article by The Associated Press)

Weitere Informationen findest du unter Commons:Öffentliche Kunst und Urheberrechte in den US und in den folgenden Quellen:

• 17 USC 120(a)
• Towards a Functional Definition of Publication in Copyright Law
• Reisefotografie und das Gesetz
• Informationen von photostop.istep.com
• Amerikanische Gesellschaft für Medienfotografie zur Panoramafreiheit (Archiv)
• Artikel in www.sculpture.org über Fotos von Skulpturen

Für ausländische Werke, die unter US-Recht fallen:

Verwende {{Not-free-US-FOP}}.

Ausländische Werke aus Ländern, in denen die Panoramafreiheit gilt, können bei Urheberrechtsfragen in den USA unter das US-Recht fallen. Nach dem Grundsatz der Rechtswahl lex loci protectionis könnten die US-Gerichte in solchen Fällen die US-Normen zur Panoramafreiheit und nicht die Normen des Herkunftslandes anwenden. In der Praxis ist jedoch unklar, ob und wie dieser Ansatz in realen US-Rechtsfällen mit Elementen der Panoramafreiheit angewandt würde.

Siehe {{Not-free-US-FOP}} und Commons:Requests for comment/Non-US Freedom of Panorama under US copyright law.

Weitere Gebiete

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COM:FOP United States Virgin Islands

Amerikanische Jungferninseln

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Vereinigte Staaten#FOP

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COM:FOP Anguilla

Anguilla

 Nicht OK The Copyright Act as of 2002 makes no provision for freedom of panorama.

Under Section 7, subsection (1), a single reproduced copy of a published work is permitted without permission from the author or copyright holder, if the reproduction is done privately by a natural person for personal purposes only.^{[C120-2002 Sec.7(1)]}

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COM:FOP Aruba

Aruba

OK There is no infringement of copyright in copies of a work that is permanently displayed in public where the size of the copy and the way in which it is made are clearly different from the original work, and in the case of buildings is limited to the exterior.^{[2003 Article 18]}

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COM:FOP Bermuda

Bermuda

OK for 2D copies of 3D works. Under section 86 of the Copyright and Designs Act 2004,

• This section applies to (a) buildings; and (b) sculptures, models for buildings and works of artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situated in a public place or in premises open to the public.^{[2004 Sec.86(1)]}
• The copyright in such a work is not infringed by (a) making a graphic work representing it; (b) making a photograph or film of it; or (c) broadcasting or including in a cable programme service a visual image of it.^{[2004 Sec.86(2)]}
• Nor is the copyright infringed by the issue to the public of copies, or the broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service, of anything whose making was, by virtue of this section, not an infringement of the copyright.^{[2004 Sec.86(3)]}

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COM:FOP British Virgin Islands

Britische Jungferninseln

OK for architecture, sculptures, and works of artistic craftsmanship.  Nicht OK for other types of artistic works. The Copyright Act 1956 contains freedom of panorama provisions at Section 9, subsections 3–6, with similar rules as those of the United Kingdom freedom of panorama.

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COM:FOP Cayman Islands

Cayman Islands

OK for 3D works

OK for 2D "works of artistic craftsmanship"

 Nicht OK for 2D "graphic works" {{FoP-UK}}

The relevant law is section 62 of the United Kingdom's Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Copyright (Cayman Islands) Order 2015 and Copyright (Cayman Islands) (Amendment) Order 2016 do not modify this section.

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Vereinigtes Königreich#FOP

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COM:FOP Curaçao

Curaçao

OK According to the Auteursverordening 1913 - article 18, Freedom of Panorama is allowed as long as the reproduction is clearly different from the original work by its size or the way in which it was made, and in the case of buildings only the exterior is shown.

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COM:FOP Falkland Islands

Falklandinseln

OK (for architecture, sculptures, and works of artistic craftsmanship) and  Nicht OK (for other types of artistic works), in the similar manner and rules as the United Kingdom freedom of panorama.

The Copyright Act 1956 c. 74 provides freedom of panorama at Section 9, General exceptions from protection of artistic works.

• The copyright in a work to which this subsection applies which is permanently situated in a public place, or in premises open to the public, is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the work, or the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.^{[1956 Sec.9(3)]}

• (This subsection [Sec.9(3)] applies to sculptures, and to such works of artistic craftsmanship as are mentioned in paragraph (c) of subsection (1) of section three of this Act.)

• The copyright in a work of architecture is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the work, or the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast.^{[1956 Sec.9(4)]}

• Without prejudice to the two last preceding subsections, the copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast, if its inclusion therein is only by way of background or is otherwise only incidental to the principal matters represented in the film or broadcast.^{[1956 Sec.9(5)]} (de minimis inclusion of works not permanently situated in public spaces only in television and films)

• The copyright in an artistic work is not infringed by the publication of a painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or cinematograph film, if by virtue of any of the three last preceding subsections the making of that painting, drawing, engraving, photograph or film did not constitute an infringement of the copyright.^{[1956 Sec.9(6)]}

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COM:FOP French Guiana

Französisch-Guayana

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Frankreich#FOP

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COM:FOP Greenland

Grönland

Further information: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Dänemark#Freedom of panorama

Greenlandic freedom of panorama, found at Section 24 (2 and 3) is identical to the Danish freedom of panorama. OK for buildings, and  Nicht OK for any public art still in copyright (for noncommercial only, incompatible with Commons:Licensing).

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COM:FOP Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Frankreich#FOP

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COM:FOP Martinique

Martinique

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Frankreich#FOP

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COM:FOP Montserrat

Montserrat

OK for architecture, sculptures, and works of artistic craftsmanship.  Nicht OK for other types of artistic works. The Copyright Act 1956 contains freedom of panorama provisions at Section 9, subsections 3–6, with similar rules as those of the United Kingdom freedom of panorama.

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COM:FOP Dutch Caribbean

niederländische Überseegebiete in der Karibik

Keine Information verfügbar

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COM:FOP Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Vereinigte Staaten#FOP

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COM:FOP Saint Barthélemy

Saint-Barthélemy

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Frankreich#FOP

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COM:FOP Saint-Martin (France)

Saint-Martin

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Frankreich#FOP

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COM:FOP Saint-Pierre and Miquelon

Saint-Pierre und Miquelon

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Frankreich#FOP

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COM:FOP Sint Maarten

Sint Maarten

OK for buildings and most 2D and 3D artwork
 Nicht OK for photographs, maps, applied art, industrial design, and models

Under the Author's Regulation of 1913 as amended 2006,

• Reproduction or publication of pictures made in order to be put on permanent display in public places, of a work such as is normally found in such places, or of a work relating to architecture, will not be regarded as an infringement of the copyright of the author.^{[1913–2006 Art.18]}

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COM:FOP South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Südgeorgien und die Südlichen Sandwichinseln

Weitere Informationen: Commons:Urheberrechtsregeln nach Gebiet/Falklandinseln#FOP

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COM:FOP Turks and Caicos Islands

Turks- und Caicosinseln

OK for architecture, sculptures, and works of artistic craftsmanship.  Nicht OK for other types of artistic works.

Under the Copyright Act 1911,

• The following acts shall not constitute an infringement of copyright ... The making or publishing of paintings, drawings, engravings, or photographs of a work of sculpture or artistic craftsmanship, if permanently situate in a public place or building, or the making or publishing of paintings, drawings, engravings, or photographs (which are not in the nature of architectural drawings or plans) of any architectural work of art.^{[1911 Sec.2(iii)]}

Panoramafreiheit
Afrika‌Amerika‌Asien‌Europa‌Ozeanien‌Andere

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