File:Yellow Mounds Paleosol & Interior Paleosol (Upper Eocene; White River Badlands, South Dakota, USA) 1.jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionYellow Mounds Paleosol & Interior Paleosol (Upper Eocene; White River Badlands, South Dakota, USA) 1.jpg |
English: The White River Badlands of South Dakota consist of a scenic landscape of differentially weathered and eroded, nonmarine sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age. The most visually-striking areas have been set aside as an American national park (Badlands).
The simplified stratigraphic succession in Badlands National Park is: Sharps Formation (Oligocene) Brule Formation (Oligocene) Chadron Formation (Eocene) Chamberlain Pass Formation (Eocene) Fox Hills Formation (Cretaceous-Paleocene?) Pierre Shale (Cretaceous) The Brule and Chadron Formations make up the White River Group, which along with the overlying Sharps Formation, are the principal scenery-making units in the White River Badlands. Light-colored volcanic ash beds are present in the succession, as are numerous reddish-colored paleosol ("fossil soil") horizons. The Pierre Shale at the base of the exposed succession is a marine unit. The White River Group weathers and erodes relatively quickly into a rugged landscape with steep slopes, little to no soil, and little to no vegetation. These are the characteristics of badlands topography - "bad" referring to its unsuitability for farming. Nonmarine fossils are relatively common in the White River Group - principally fossil mammals and other vertebrates. Fossils in the Chadron Formation indicate a swampy, near-sea level environment. The overling Brule Formation produces fossils consistent with a grassy prairie environment. The transition from low-elevation swamp to higher-elevation prairie in this area coincides with the uplift of the Rocky Mountains during the late stages of the Laramide Orogeny. Erosion rates in the White River Badlands indicate that the landscape started to appear about half-a-million years ago and will disappear about half-a-million years from now. The landscape has about a one million year lifespan. The hills seen here have two distinctive paleosol horizons. The lower, thicker, yellowish-colored interval is the Yellow Mounds Paleosol, a Late Eocene ultisol. The upper, thinner, reddish-colored interval is the Interior Paleosol, a Late Eocene alfisol. The overlying rocks are the Upper Eocene Chadron Formation. Stratigraphy: Yellow Mounds Paleosol (capping the Fox Hills Formation) and Interior Paleosol (capping the Chamberlain Pass Formation), basal White River Group, Chadronian Stage, Upper Eocene Locality: Yellow Mounds Overlook area, White River Badlands, Badlands National Park, western South Dakota, USA Online pub. covering the geology of Badlands National Park: pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0035/pdf/of03-35.pdf |
Date | |
Source | https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53074041912/ |
Author | James St. John |
Camera location | 43° 50′ 35.63″ N, 102° 11′ 42.49″ W | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 43.843231; -102.195136 |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53074041912. It was reviewed on 1 August 2023 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
1 August 2023
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current | 15:35, 1 August 2023 | 3,944 × 2,472 (5.35 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Uploaded a work by James St. John from https://www.flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/53074041912/ with UploadWizard |
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Camera manufacturer | Apple |
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Camera model | iPhone 14 |
Exposure time | 1/7,463 sec (0.00013399437223637) |
F-number | f/1.5 |
ISO speed rating | 50 |
Date and time of data generation | 16:39, 23 June 2023 |
Lens focal length | 5.7 mm |
Latitude | 43° 50′ 35.63″ N |
Longitude | 102° 11′ 42.49″ W |
Altitude | 831.774 meters above sea level |
Width | 4,032 px |
Height | 3,024 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 72 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 72 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 20.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 06:10, 27 July 2023 |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.32 |
Date and time of digitizing | 16:39, 23 June 2023 |
APEX shutter speed | 12.865479390681 |
APEX aperture | 1.1699250021067 |
APEX brightness | 10.99486351629 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
DateTimeOriginal subseconds | 887 |
DateTimeDigitized subseconds | 887 |
Color space | Uncalibrated |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 2.1206171107994 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 55 mm |
Speed unit | Kilometers per hour |
Speed of GPS receiver | 0.051376989283028 |
Reference for direction of image | True direction |
Direction of image | 45.446136491822 |
Reference for bearing of destination | True direction |
Bearing of destination | 45.446136491822 |
Lens used | iPhone 14 back dual wide camera 5.7mm f/1.5 |
Date metadata was last modified | 02:10, 27 July 2023 |
Unique ID of original document | F6DE7BA55E6C365A21F6709123ED5863 |
IIM version | 2 |