File:Travertine dripstone (Skyline Caverns, Front Royal, Virginia, USA) 5 (27571119330).jpg
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Summary
[edit]DescriptionTravertine dripstone (Skyline Caverns, Front Royal, Virginia, USA) 5 (27571119330).jpg |
Travertine dripstone in a cave in Virginia, USA. "Cave formations" in caves are technically called speleothem. Most speleothem is composed of travertine, a crystalline-textured chemical sedimentary rock composed of calcite (CaCO3). Travertine forms in most caves and at some springs by precipitation of crystals from water. Travertine speleothem occurs in a wide variety of forms. The most common variety of travertine speleothem is dripstone, which forms by the action of dripping water. Downward-tapering dripstone structures attached to cave ceilings or upper walls are called stalactites. The corresponding structures on cave floors are called stalagmites. When grown together, they form columns. Pure travertine is white. The colors seen in the travertine shown above are from iron oxides. Skyline Caverns is developed in structurally tilted carbonates (mixed dolostones and limestones) of the Rockdale Run Formation (Beekmantown Group, Lower Ordovician). Locality: Skyline Caverns, Front Royal, central Warren County, northern Virginia, USA |
Date | |
Source | Travertine dripstone (Skyline Caverns, Front Royal, Virginia, USA) 5 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/27571119330 (archive). It was reviewed on 31 August 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
31 August 2019
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current | 19:17, 31 August 2019 | 3,771 × 2,856 (5.69 MB) | LittleT889 (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 4/5 sec (0.8) |
F-number | f/3.5 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 11:14, 12 May 2016 |
Lens focal length | 9.681 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 22:29, 22 June 2016 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 11:14, 12 May 2016 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 0.3125 |
APEX aperture | 3.625 |
APEX exposure bias | −0.66666666666667 |
Maximum land aperture | 3.625 APEX (f/3.51) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash did not fire, compulsory flash suppression |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
Focal plane Y resolution | 16,483.516483516 |
Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Manual exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Portrait |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 16:29, 22 June 2016 |
Unique ID of original document | 2C2321E1F850EDB185224D63504C1622 |