File:Modern and contemporary European history (1815-1921) (1922) (14761425716).jpg

Identifier: moderncontempora01scha (find matches)
Title: Modern and contemporary European history (1815-1921)
Year: 1922 (1920s)
Authors: Schapiro, J. Salwyn (Jacob Salwyn), 1879-1973 Shotwell, James Thomson, 1874-1965, ed
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Publisher: Boston, New York (etc.) Houghton Mifflin company
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: Sloan Foundation

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two ways of establishing democracy:one, through a bloody revolution which would result inneedless waste of blood and energy that could be betterused for the welfare of Russia; the other, through the volun-tary action of the Tsar in granting a general amnesty for allpolitical crimes, and, especially, by summoning a repre-sentative assembly. The revolutionists promised to submitunconditionally to the will of a constitutional government.In a manifesto, issued March 23, 1881, the new Tsar indi-cated plainly enough what his future policies were to be.The Voice of God, he declared, orders us to stand firm atthe helm of government . . . with faith in the strength andtruth of the autocratic power, which we are called upon tostrengthen and preserve for the good of the people. Shortlyafterwards, he called upon his faithful subjects to strivefor the extirpation of the heinous agitation which has dis-graced the land. Gentlemen, rise! A government is nowcoming in! exclaimed the reactionary Katkov.
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RUSSIA AT END OF NINETEENTH CENTURY 525 Alexander III resembled in many ways his grandfather,Nicholas I. Like him, he was a soldier both by trainingand by temperament; and like him, also, he was Alexan-a man of unimpeachable personal integrity, a der nidevoted husband and father, and a loyal friend. AlthoughAlexander possessed the will power, he did not have theability of his despotic grandfather. He was moderatelyeducated, rather dull, narrow-minded, and stubborn, butintensely Russian in his sympathies and prejudices. Men-tally, the new Tsar was a peasant raised to the royal estate. The power behind the throne and the most influentialman in the Russian Government during his reign wasthe former tutor of the Tsar, Pobiedonostsev, Pobiedo-who was appointed Procurator of the Holy Synod, nostsevor civil head of the official Orthodox Church. This power-ful official hated democracy in any and all forms, thoroughlyand consistently. According to Pobiedonostsev, who was avery highly educated a

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