File:Manganese oxide-coated chert in limestone (Lost River Chert Bed, Middle Mississippian; Martel Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 13 (24145978758).jpg
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[edit]DescriptionManganese oxide-coated chert in limestone (Lost River Chert Bed, Middle Mississippian; Martel Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 13 (24145978758).jpg |
Chert horizon in limestone in the Mississippian of Kentucky, USA. The dark-colored, moth-eaten, ratty-looking rocks at the middle of the photo are weathered and eroded cherts. This is part of the Mississippian-aged Lost River Chert Bed, which consists of >1 horizon in a limestone succession. It is a laterally-discontinuous horizon and does not consist of discrete, subrounded chert nodules. Chert is a cryptocrystalline, quartzose sedimentary rock. It is not readily prone to dissolution by slightly acidic groundwater, unlike limestone. In cave passages, the chert is an erosion-resistant unit and often protrudes slightly to prominently from the surrounding limestone walls. Chert, being composed of quartz (SiO2), is hard (H = 7 on the Mohs Hardness Scale). Underground samples of Lost River Chert Bed do not have hard surfaces, however. The exposed rock in this horizon usually has a dark-colored, often black, coating of one or more manganese oxide minerals. The Mn-oxide coatings are relatively soft. The underlying chert is hard. Stratigraphy: Lost River Chert Bed, Horse Cave Member, upper St. Louis Limestone, upper Middle Mississippian Locality: outcrop along Martel Avenue, Mammoth Cave Ridge, Mammoth Cave National Park, western Kentucky, USA |
Date | |
Source | Manganese oxide-coated chert in limestone (Lost River Chert Bed, Middle Mississippian; Martel Avenue, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA) 13 |
Author | James St. John |
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This image was originally posted to Flickr by James St. John at https://flickr.com/photos/47445767@N05/24145978758 (archive). It was reviewed on 7 December 2019 by FlickreviewR 2 and was confirmed to be licensed under the terms of the cc-by-2.0. |
7 December 2019
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current | 18:08, 7 December 2019 | 4,000 × 3,000 (5.04 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Camera manufacturer | Canon |
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Camera model | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Exposure time | 1/60 sec (0.016666666666667) |
F-number | f/2.8 |
ISO speed rating | 250 |
Date and time of data generation | 17:24, 14 June 2011 |
Lens focal length | 6.2 mm |
Image title | |
Width | 4,000 px |
Height | 3,000 px |
Bits per component |
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Pixel composition | RGB |
Orientation | Normal |
Number of components | 3 |
Horizontal resolution | 180 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 180 dpi |
Software used | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
File change date and time | 17:25, 28 October 2017 |
Y and C positioning | Co-sited |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 17:24, 14 June 2011 |
Meaning of each component |
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Image compression mode | 3 |
APEX shutter speed | 5.90625 |
APEX aperture | 2.96875 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 2.96875 APEX (f/2.8) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Flash | Flash fired, auto mode, red-eye reduction mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Focal plane X resolution | 16,460.905349794 |
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Focal plane resolution unit | inches |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 1 |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Lens used | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Date metadata was last modified | 13:25, 28 October 2017 |
Unique ID of original document | 7015B44170F40F4518CE709D3FB36DBA |