File:Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11 (1901) (20313444300).jpg

Title: Bulletin (Pennsylvania Department of Forestry), no. 11
Identifier: bulletinpennsylv11penx (find matches)
Year: 1901 (1900s)
Authors: Pennsylvania. Dept. of Forestry
Subjects: Forests and forestry
Publisher: Harrisburg, Pa. : The Department : WM. Stanley Ray, state printer of Pennsylvania
Contributing Library: Penn State University
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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11 70 WHITE PINE. Pinus Strobus, Linnaeus. FORM—At present seldom exceeding 3 ft. In diameter and 125 ft. In height, nsnally 60-90 ft. high and 1) to 8 ft. in diameter. When grown In dense stands (Figs. 1 and 10) the trees are tall, straight, free from lateral branches for a considerable distance from the ground, have little stem-taper and shallow crowns. When grown in the open (Pig. 34, specimen on left), It has much stem-taper, is relatlvley low, often forked, covered with persistent lateral branches almost to the ground which make it attractive ornamentally but of low commercial value. BAEK—On young branches, thin, smooth, greenish-brown; later scaly and darker. On old trees thick, dark gray, and divided by long and shallow fissures Into broad longitudinal ridges (See Big. 44.) TWIGS—Slender, flexible, at first hairy, slightly roughened by raised leaf-scars. New growth at first light green and erect. During first winter light brown In color, less erect in position, very resinous If punctured. BUDS—In terminal cluster, ovate-oblong, sharp-pointed, with numerous brown, long-pointed and overlapping scales. Apical bud i-i of an inch long. Lateral buds about J of an inch long. LEAVES^Light green when young and bluish-green, soft, flexible, 2J-5 Inches long when mature; persist usually until end of second season,, occur in clusters of five, are triangular in cross-section, contain one flbro-vascalar bundle, have finely serrate edges and are surrounded at the base by a deciduous sheath. FLOWERS—Appear about May. Staminate flowers clustered at base of new growth of season, yellow, oval, about i of an inch long. Pistillate flowers solitary or in small groups, lateral along new growth, pinkish-purple, cylindrical, about ) of an inch long. FRTTIT—A cone maturing in two seasons, 5-10 Inches long, drooping, stalked, slightly curved, and covered with thin unarmed scales without thickened apex. Seeds are winged, i of an inch long, dark brown in color on both sides and mottled with black spots. WOOD—Non-porous; resinous, soft, straight-grained, easily worked, light brown except sapwood which may be almost white. Weighs 24.04 lbs. per cubic foot. Formerly used for a wider range of purposes than any other native species and adapted for practically all uses except where strength, hardness, flexibility and durability in contact with soil are required. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS—The White Pine Is the only species of Pine native to eastern North America which has soft, flexible, bluish-green needles in clusters of five. The lateral branches, usually 8-7 in a whorl, are arranged in distinct horizontal layers. The cones are 5-10 Inches long, long-stalked, and their cone-scales are thin, flat, and unarmed. RANGE—Newfoundland to Manitoba on the north, south through northern states to Penn- sylvania and along the Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, and southwest to Iowa. DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA—Common in the mountainous portion of the State. Originally formed heavy stands especially in the central and northern parts of the State. Some- time pure but usually mixed with other species. Found sparingly In the southwestern and soutli- eastern parts. Rarely found at present In valleys like the Cumberland, Lancaster, Chester, lower Lehigh, and lower Delaware. HABITAT—Prefers a fertile, moist, well-drained soil, but will grow well on dry sandy, soils and gravelly slopes. Common on banks of streams, river flats. In hollows and ravines, but rarely found In swamps. Any habitat in its natural range will be favorable to Its develop- ment except swamps and ridges exposed to severe winds. IMPORTANCE OF THE SPECIES—White Pine Is one of the most important timber trees of the United States. It is indigenous to America but was introduced Into England by Lord Wey- mouth in 1705 and shortly afterwards into Germany where It is no longer regarded an exotic species but a naturalized member of the German forest. This species can be recommended for forestry purposes, because It may be regenerated successfully both naturally and artificially as shown by the numerous and extended German experiments. It adapts Itself to a great variety of soil conditions, Is a rapid grower, is very attractive ornamentally, and will thrive in pure or mixed stands; but the latter are best on account of less danger from disease, better natural pruning, and earlier financial returns from thinnings.
Text Appearing After Image:
PLATE XIL WHITE PINE. 1. liiancli witli n.'cdlfs ami tcniiinal cluster of luuls, x J. 2. A (^•luster of live lu-t'dlcs, x L . 3. Tip of nec.ll.' witli sliarpl.v serrate niargm, fiilaigMi. 4. iSraiuli witli staminate flowers, x h. , . ,,„„.vfar ulil ooiie on last season's 5. Bramh with (a) pistillate liowers on luw ).'i.mtli (b) uuejtai growth, X ?.. , 6. Branch witti an oiton and a closed cone, x i. 7. Lower si<l<' ol" a cone scale, \ h. . ,i. v i S. Upper side of a cone s.mIc with two win«<d seeds, x i. 9. A winged seed, x i. 10. A seed, natural size. 11. Section of seed with endnyo, natural size. 12. A seedlinj;, x I.

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