File:Arthur and Fritz Kahn Collection 1889-1932 (19715204944).jpg

Title: Arthur and Fritz Kahn Collection 1889-1932
Identifier: arthurfritzkahn_04_reel04 (find matches)
Year: [1] (s)
Authors: Kahn, Arthur and Fritz
Subjects: Kahn, Fritz 1888-1968; Kahn, Arthur David 1850-1928; Natural history illustrators; Natural history
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Contributing Library: Leo Baeck Institute Archives
Digitizing Sponsor: Leo Baeck Institute Archives

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from the Icft hcart into the "systemic arttry ", the aorta. IV. From the lattrr the blood, after the vcruri( k's have cmptiod and have bccome flaccid, rannot flow back into the hcari for in tryiiiK to go back it opens the folds of the scmikuiar valves away from the walls and closes llir lumen of the aorta bcliind itself. Held by the valves the cokirnn of blood remains in tlie hirge arte- rics (D, D) until it is driven forvvard a second later by the next pulse of blood, sincc meanwhile the auricles, — shown empty in this diagram. — have filled again and made ready for the next heart beart. This four phase ryrlc of the heart beat is the motive power behiiid the cirru- la t ion of t he b lood as shown in Fig. 4. The blood Streaming into the right heart (1) passes betvv(;cn the opened flaps of the aurieulo-ventri( ular valve into the right ventricle (2), rises thenre through the semicireular valves into the pulmonary artery (3) and through the bran( lies of this blood-vessel into the innermost parts of the tissue of the lungs (4). In order to demonstrate the funi tions and fate of the blood in the individual organs, these Organs are shown opened. One of the funetional elements in the interior of the organ — in reality a niieroseopi( ally small element — has been raised by great niagnifi( ation to visibility, and its relation to the blood-flow half - diagrammatic ally indi( ated. In the interior of the lungs the bran( hes of the bronchi divide up like the branches of a tree and end in some 1800 million tiny air balloons, the alveoli of the lungs, whosc walls are invested by the very fine branches, the capillaries, of the pulmonary artery. The gaseous exchange between blood and air from the extcrnal World takes place across the walls of the alveoli of the lungs, one of which is shown (5) magnified about one thousand times. The blood gives up (part of) its carbon- dioxide to the air in the alveoli, and rece- ives oxygen in exchange. The dark red blood containing carbou-dioxide becomes oxygenated and scarlet in appearance, and travels back in the pulmonary veins, which alone among the veins of the body contain oxygenated blood, to the "oxygen side" of the heart, the left half. Here it is poured immediately into the auricle (7). It flows through the opening between the mitral valves into the left ventricle (8), and rises thence through the semicireular valves into the large main artery, the aorta (9) which forms, in its first length. a lofty arch, the arch of the aorta. First among all its divisions the aorta sends a bran( h into the muscle walls of the heart itself, the coronary artery (10), which encircles the heart, and by means of its branches, whi(h penetrate deep into the musc ular tissue, feeds the hcart. The <'apil- laries of the heart muscle unite to form the coronary vein (11) which opens into the right auricle. The coronary circula- tion is the first of those numerous c ircu- latory paths into which the greater circu- lati(Mi is di\'ided wheii we follow the matter up in detail. From the arch of the aorta blood flows to the uj)j)er part of the body, the head and arms. The branch to the arms is called the subclavian artery at first, because it lies beneath the clavicle. It supplies muscle, skin and bone of the region of the Shoulder, and then, as the bra( hial artery, runs into the upper arm. In 13 the nutrient branch of the brachial artery passes into the humerus. f^y means ot its very fine brani lies it permeates the marrow, which is shown in 14, removed from its bone, under very high magnifica- tion. From the large grey eells of the marrow are developed, by continual divi- sion, the small red cells of the blood, called red blood corpuscles, and mcse are taken on by the veins and ear- ried into the (irculation. In 15 a portion of the skin of the arm is shown magnified, so as to demonstrate the distribution of the blood to the several structures of the skin — hair, sweat glands, etc. The returning blood is collected by the veins. While the arteries lie deep and pro- tected, and therefore invisible, the veins run immediately under the skin and are often visible as bliie cords. If you press on the veins, the blood is dammed uj) in them and they show up clearly. A place immediately under the skin where many veins of the arm unite is the elbow (16) and this spot the physician is wont to choose when he wishes either to obtain some blood for investigation, to 'let' blood, or to inject some medicament, heart stimulant, preparation of calcium or anaesthetic. On the left arm is shown one of the numerous muscles of the arm laid bare, to give an example of the blood supply to a muscle. The artery to a muscle (17) is divided up until every one of the many million muscle fihres (18) is invested with capillaries, and the tiny motor units, the muscle fibres, supplied with sources I r of driving power. The blood is returned in the veins of the muscles. T\No carotid arte- ries — of which only the left is shown (19) — run alongside the wind-pipe u;) to the head, and here every organ is supplied, even to the hairs of the head. In the neck the t li y r o i d artery branches off, whence the thyroid gland man- ufactures its secre- tion, to band it on via the thyroid veins to the circulation, and hence to the other organs. At the Icvel of the lobe oi the ear the internal maxillary (21) bran- ches off, which sends a special Ijranch into each tooth, and, as the mental artery, ends in the skin of the chin. llie nasal artery streams through and keeps warm the mu- cous membranc of the nose, in particular that of the turbinate bodies, and gives rise to wide- spread dose venous plcxuses, which lie very near the surface and then^fore easily bleed (nose bleeding). The Ophthalmie artery (23) supj)lies the eye. At the level of the skull the two carotid arteries end — as do the v e r t e b r a 1 arteries (25) which run alongside the vertebral column — as cerebral arte- ries which run over the surface and into the depths of the brain tissue. On the roof of the ventricles of the brain, of which the middle one is here shown, the cerebral arteries form choroid plexuses (26), which look like hanging bunches of grapes. These "bunches" are blood filters, for since the blood-vessels must wind themselves about for want of Space in amongst the "berries", the blood pressure must rise within them, and plasma exude from the blood-vessels. This plasma drops from the roof of the ven- tricles, and forms the cerebro-spinal
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Fig. 4. The circulation of the blood Paths and fuiictions of the blood in the huinaii body (Rcduced rcproduction of the large coloured chart) fluid, in which the brain and spinal ( ord are bathed, so that they do not ruh on their bedding or knock against the hard walls of the vertebrae. The blood Streaming from the depths of the brain tissue is collected in great blood sinuses in the occipital and temporal regions, and runs thence into the jugular veins of the neck (28), which join the superior Vena c a va. More than half of the blood leaving the heart by way of the aorta flows through the de sc en ding aorta to the trunk (30). Shortly after the descending artery has passed the diaphragm, the gastric artery branches off and first runs over the outer surface, and with its deeper-

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